Genetic Insights into Inflammation

Aira on January 17, 2024

Overview

What is Inflammation?

Eating or touching something that causes you to break out in itchiness, redness, or other reactions can be worrying. Inflammation is a complex biological response that protects against harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Orchestrated by the immune system, inflammation aims to eliminate the causative agents and initiate tissue repair processes. The process involves a cascade of events mediated by a variety of cells, signaling molecules, and proteins.

Inflammation is characterized by classic signs: redness, heat, swelling, and pain. These symptoms are manifestations of increased blood flow, elevated temperature, accumulation of immune cells, and enhanced sensitivity. While acute inflammation is a protective and localized response, chronic inflammation can be detrimental and is associated with various diseases.

Inflammation is strictly regulated to avoid overreactions or protracted reactions that could damage healthy tissues. Comprehending the genetic foundations of inflammation offers a significant understanding of the immune response processes and can guide future treatment approaches.

Genetic Insights into Inflammation

What is Inflammatory Response?

An inflammatory response is a complex and highly regulated biological reaction orchestrated by the immune system to combat infections, injuries, or other harmful stimuli. Triggered by the recognition of foreign invaders or damaged cells, the response involves a series of orchestrated events designed to eliminate the threat and promote tissue repair. 

Key components of the inflammatory response include the activation of immune cells, the release of signaling molecules such as cytokines and chemokines, and increased permeability of blood vessels at the site of infection or injury. Immune cells, particularly white blood cells, migrate to the affected area, guided by chemical signals, to neutralize and remove the offending agents.

Acute inflammatory reactions are necessary for defense and recovery, but dysregulation can result in chronic inflammation, which is linked to several illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even cancer. Maintaining a delicate balance between protective immunity and preventing self-harm requires a complex orchestration of the inflammatory response.

What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is a severe and dysregulated inflammatory response that affects the entire body, often in response to severe infection, trauma, burns, or other critical conditions. 

It is characterized by a systemic and excessive activation of the immune system, leading to widespread inflammation and potential organ dysfunction. Criteria for diagnosing SIRS include abnormalities in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and white blood cell count.

Instead of being localized, the immune response becomes uncontrolled in SIRS, which increases the risk of collateral harm to healthy organs. Pro-inflammatory chemicals can be released, blood clotting can occur, and vascular permeability can increase as a result of this. SIRS frequently occurs as a prelude to more serious illnesses like sepsis, in which an immunological response that is dysregulated results in extensive tissue damage and organ failure.

Treating the infection or trauma and offering supportive care are effective ways to address the underlying cause of SIRS. Knowing SIRS is essential for critical care medicine practitioners since it is an early warning indicator of a systemic inflammatory disease that can be fatal and necessitates timely, focused treatment.

What Affects Inflammatory Response?

Many variables affect the inflammatory response, an essential defense mechanism. Inflammation is regulated by genetic predispositions, lifestyle decisions, exposure to the environment, and general health. Comprehending these factors is essential for treating illnesses associated with inflammation and fostering the best possible immune response.

Genetic Factors

The genetic markers related to inflammatory response are diverse and involve a complex interplay of genes coding for proteins that influence various aspects of the immune system. Genetic variability can contribute to an individual’s susceptibility to inflammatory disorders and ability to mount an effective immune response.

TNF and Other Cytokine Genes

Variations in genes encoding pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role. For example, polymorphisms in the genes for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been linked to altered cytokine production and increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.

Asthma, a complex inflammatory disease, involves critical cytokine actions, particularly proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α. Elevated TNF-α levels in asthmatic airways are associated with inflammation and immune dysregulation. Genetic variations, such as the TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism, influence TNF-α production. The A allele of this polymorphism correlates with heightened transcription activity and TNF-α secretion, potentially impacting asthma risk.

IL10

IL-10 is a powerful anti-inflammatory cytokine crucial for controlling the immune response, preventing host damage, and maintaining tissue balance. Dysregulation of IL-10 is linked to increased immunopathology during infections and a higher risk of autoimmune diseases. Understanding how the IL-10 gene is expressed is essential for comprehending disease development and resolving inflammatory responses. 

One study investigates the several mechanisms, including signal transduction, epigenetics, promoter structure, and post-transcriptional regulation, that govern the expression of the IL-10 gene in immune cells. The study also discusses the role that dysregulated regulation plays in immunopathology and disease development.

FcRL3

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease commonly diagnosed in young adults. In one study, the role of the FcRL3 gene was investigated in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. The FcRL3 gene variant, known as −169 T/C (rs7528684), which has been linked to other autoimmune conditions, showed a significant difference between MS patients and healthy controls. The presence of the −169 T allele increased susceptibility to MS. 

The study also suggests that the −169 T allele in the FcRL3 gene is associated with a higher risk of developing MS. This supports the idea that the FcRL3 gene plays a role in MS predisposition and adds to the growing evidence of its involvement in autoimmune diseases.

Understanding these genetic variants provides valuable insights into an individual’s predisposition to inflammatory conditions and can guide personalized approaches to manage and prevent inflammatory diseases.

However, it’s essential to recognize that genetics is just one facet, and interactions with environmental factors also significantly influence the inflammatory response. Ongoing research continues to uncover the intricate details of how genetics shapes immune function and inflammatory outcomes.

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors play a pivotal role in modulating the inflammatory response, interacting with genetic predispositions to influence immune function. These factors encompass a broad spectrum of elements, from lifestyle choices to exposure to pollutants. 

Dietary Habits

The composition of one’s diet significantly influences inflammation. High consumption of processed foods, saturated fats, and sugars can promote inflammation, while diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects. The balance of nutrients, including antioxidants, plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation.

Physical Activity

Regular exercise has anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to improved immune function and reduced chronic inflammation. Physical activity helps regulate the release of cytokines and promotes the production of anti-inflammatory molecules, fostering an overall anti-inflammatory environment in the body.

Obesity

Excess body weight, especially abdominal obesity, is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Adipose tissue produces pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to a state of systemic inflammation. Weight management and a healthy lifestyle can help mitigate these effects.

Smoking and Tobacco Exposure

Smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke introduce harmful chemicals into the body, triggering an inflammatory response. The chemicals in tobacco smoke can activate immune cells, leading to chronic inflammation and an increased risk of inflammatory diseases, including respiratory conditions and cardiovascular disease.

Stress

Chronic stress can dysregulate the immune system and contribute to inflammation. Stress hormones, such as cortisol, can modulate immune function, impacting the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Stress management techniques, including mindfulness and relaxation, may help mitigate these effects.

Sleep Patterns

Inadequate or disrupted sleep patterns can disrupt the normal circadian rhythm of immune function, leading to increased inflammation. Quality sleep is crucial for the regulation of immune responses and the maintenance of a balanced inflammatory state.

Infections and Microbial Exposure

Infections, particularly chronic or persistent ones, can induce and sustain inflammation. Microbial exposure, including the microbiome composition, influences immune system development and function. Imbalances in the gut microbiota have been linked to inflammatory conditions.

Air Pollution

Exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, can trigger inflammation in the respiratory system and beyond. Inhalation of these pollutants activates immune cells and promotes the release of inflammatory mediators, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Exposure to Environmental Toxins

Exposure to environmental toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, can induce inflammatory responses. These toxins may disrupt immune function and contribute to chronic inflammation, potentially increasing the risk of inflammatory diseases.

Social and Economic Factors

Socioeconomic factors, including access to healthcare, education, and living conditions, can impact inflammation. Disparities in these factors may contribute to differential exposure to environmental stressors and influence the prevalence of inflammatory conditions in different populations.

Understanding the intricate interplay between genetic and environmental factors provides a holistic perspective on inflammatory response regulation. Lifestyle modifications, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and avoidance of harmful exposures, are key components of strategies to modulate inflammation and promote overall health.

How is Histamine Involved in Inflammatory Response?

Histamine is a crucial mediator in the inflammatory response, acting as a signaling molecule released by immune cells, particularly mast cells, and basophils. Upon exposure to pathogens, injury, or allergens, these cells release histamine, triggering a cascade of events. 

Histamine promotes vasodilation, increasing blood vessel permeability, which allows immune cells to reach the affected site more efficiently. This process leads to the characteristic signs of inflammation—redness, swelling, and heat. Histamine also stimulates the migration of white blood cells to the site of infection or injury and enhances the expression of adhesion molecules on blood vessel walls. 

Moreover, histamine plays a role in bronchoconstriction and mucus production, contributing to immune defense in the respiratory system. While histamine is essential for the acute inflammatory response and host defense, dysregulation can lead to chronic inflammation and allergic reactions. Antihistamines are commonly used to alleviate symptoms by blocking histamine receptors, highlighting the significance of histamine in inflammatory processes.

What is Inflammatory Response vs. Immune Response?

The inflammatory response and immune response are intricately connected components of the body’s defense mechanisms but serve distinct purposes. The inflammatory response is a rapid, localized reaction to injury, infection, or tissue damage. It involves the release of chemical signals, such as histamines and cytokines, leading to increased blood flow, enhanced vascular permeability, and recruitment of immune cells to the affected site. The primary goal is to contain and eliminate the source of damage and initiate tissue repair.

On the other hand, the immune response is a broader and more complex system involving the entire immune system, especially the immune cells.. It includes both innate and adaptive immunity, working together to recognize and mount specific defenses against pathogens. 

While inflammation is a part of the innate immune response, adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies and the activation of immune cells with memory, providing a targeted and prolonged defense against specific antigens. In summary, inflammation is a rapid, nonspecific response to tissue damage, while the immune response is a comprehensive and adaptive defense mechanism against a wide range of pathogens.

How to Manage Chronic Inflammatory Response

Managing chronic inflammatory response involves a multifaceted approach that addresses lifestyle, nutrition, and medical interventions. Chronic inflammation is implicated in various conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to manage chronic inflammatory response:

Dietary Modifications

Adopt an anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids. These foods contain antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds that can help modulate the immune response. Limit the intake of processed foods, refined sugars, and saturated fats, as they can contribute to inflammation.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Incorporate sources of omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help balance the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio, crucial for inflammation regulation.

Regular Physical Activity

Engage in regular exercise to promote overall health and reduce inflammation. Physical activity has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and can contribute to weight management, another important factor in inflammation control.

Stress Management

Practice stress-reducing techniques like meditation, yoga, or deep-breathing exercises. Chronic stress can contribute to inflammation through the release of stress hormones, and managing stress is crucial for maintaining a balanced immune response.

Adequate Sleep

Ensure sufficient and quality sleep. Sleep is essential for the regulation of the immune system and can impact inflammatory markers. Aim for 7 to 9 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night.

Weight Management

Maintain a healthy weight through a combination of diet and exercise. Excess body fat, especially around the abdomen, can contribute to chronic inflammation.

Smoking Cessation

Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. Smoking is a significant contributor to inflammation and is linked to various inflammatory conditions.

Limit Alcohol Consumption

Moderate alcohol consumption, as excessive alcohol intake can contribute to inflammation. Limit alcohol intake to recommended levels, and consider abstaining for individuals with specific health conditions.

Medical Interventions

Consult with healthcare professionals for appropriate medical interventions. This may include medications to control inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Follow prescribed treatments and attend regular check-ups.

Supplements

Consider supplements with anti-inflammatory properties, such as curcumin (from turmeric), ginger, and quercetin. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements may also be beneficial for individuals with inadequate dietary intake.

Regular Health Check-ups

Schedule regular health check-ups to monitor inflammatory blood markers and overall health. Early detection and management of underlying conditions can help prevent the progression of chronic inflammation.

Individual responses to these strategies may vary, and personalized approaches, guided by healthcare professionals, are crucial. It’s important to recognize that managing chronic inflammation is often a lifelong commitment involving sustained lifestyle modifications and collaboration with healthcare providers. 

Adopting a holistic approach that encompasses dietary, physical, and emotional well-being can significantly contribute to mitigating chronic inflammatory responses and improving overall health.

LifeDNA’s Inflammatory Response Report

Unlock the secrets to your wellness with LifeDNA’s Inflammatory Response Report which provides insights into your body’s unique inflammatory profile. Discover genetic factors influencing your inflammatory pathways, aiding in personalized wellness strategies. 

For a holistic understanding of your well-being, delve into LifeDNA’s complete Wellness Report, which offers comprehensive genetic insights. Explore other informative reports, such as the Smoking Behavior and Nicotine Dependence Report, Motion Sickness Report, Longevity Report, and Male Pattern Baldness Report.

Elevate your health journey today – take charge of your genetic wellness with LifeDNA. Don’t miss out—uncover more about yourself and make informed lifestyle choices for a healthier, happier you. Try LifeDNA today.

Summary

  • Inflammation, an intricate biological reaction, acts as a defense mechanism against dangerous stimuli including infections, injured cells, or irritants. 
  • Classic indicators of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling, and discomfort. These are signs of increased blood flow, fever, cell build-up in the immune system, and greater sensitivity.
  • When foreign invaders or injured cells are detected, the body mounts an inflammatory response, which consists of a sequence of coordinated actions intended to neutralize the threat and encourage tissue healing. 
  • A strong and dysregulated inflammatory response that encompasses the entire body, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is frequently the result of severe infection, trauma, burns, or other serious situations. 
  • An important protective mechanism, the inflammatory response is influenced by a variety of factors. Genetic predispositions, lifestyle choices, environmental exposure, and overall health all influence inflammation. 
  • A comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors offers insight into the regulation of the inflammatory response. 
  • A comprehensive strategy that takes into account dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and medication interventions is needed to manage chronic inflammatory response.

References

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/#:~:text=Introduction,%5D%5B2%5D%5B3%5D
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805548/#:~:text=Inflammation%20is%20the%20immune%20system’s,vital%20to%20health%20%5B3%5D.
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/#:~:text=Chronic%20inflammation%20is%20also%20referred,repair%20and%20overcome%20the%20damage.
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547669/#:~:text=Introduction,exogenous%20source%20of%20the%20insult.
  5. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0099962
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22428854/
  7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165572807002184
  8. https://stories.uq.edu.au/imb/the-edge/inflammation/the-dangerous-century/index.html#:~:text=Inflammation%20is%20a%20very%20ancient,stress%2C%20alcohol%20and%20many%20more.
  9. https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-are-histamines
  10. https://www.healthline.com/health/bronchoconstriction
  11. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000821.htm
  12. https://www.piedmont.org/living-real-change/8-ways-to-reduce-chronic-inflammation

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Unlocking the Genetic Code of Motion Sickness

Aira on December 22, 2023

Overview

What is Motion Sickness?

If you’ve ever felt dizzy or nauseous during a car ride or while riding at sea, you’ll know that this phenomenon can vary from mild to an “over-the-railing-green-in-the-face” episode. Motion sickness is a common condition characterized by a range of symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and vomiting, triggered by motion or movement. 

The conflict between the vestibular (inner ear) and ocular sensory signals connected to motion causes this condition. These two sources provide contradicting messages to the brain, which causes a sensory mismatch and the symptoms of motion sickness.

The brain perceives signals from the inner ear that conflict with visual information as possibly being a toxin or poison ingestion because the inner ear plays a critical function in maintaining balance and spatial orientation. This misunderstanding sets off the body’s defensive mechanisms, resulting in symptoms such as vertigo and nausea.

While motion sickness can affect anyone, certain individuals are more predisposed due to genetic factors. Genetic variations may influence the functioning of neurotransmitters and receptors involved in motion perception and balance. Factors such as age, gender, and prior experiences with motion can also contribute to susceptibility.

Comprehending the genetic foundations of motion sickness illuminates its genesis and creates opportunities for customized approaches to avoidance and management. To create tailored interventions for people who are susceptible to motion sickness, researchers are still delving into the complex interactions between heredity and environmental factors.

Motion Sickness

Why Do People Develop Motion Sickness?

The brain interprets the ear-eye incongruence as a potential toxin ingestion, triggering nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Genetic factors contribute to an individual’s susceptibility, as variations in genes related to neurotransmitters and sensory processing can influence motion sickness.

Evolutionarily, motion sickness might have served as a protective mechanism, prompting individuals to avoid potentially harmful substances. Despite its evolutionary roots, understanding the genetic and environmental factors behind motion sickness aids in developing targeted interventions for prevention and relief.

How Common is Motion Sickness?

Motion sickness is a common ailment that impacts a considerable segment of the population. According to studies, about one-third of people are prone to motion sickness, and another third might get symptoms under specific circumstances. The frequency varies depending on the mode of transportation; activities such as sea travel have been found to have a higher incidence than travel by air or car.

Age and gender are two factors that impact susceptibility: motion sickness is more common in women than in men, and it tends to affect youngsters and elderly individuals. Individual variations in susceptibility are also influenced by genetic predispositions.

Comprehending the frequency and causative elements of motion sickness is crucial for formulating efficacious prophylactics and remediations, in addition to catering to individuals who might be more vulnerable in diverse transportation and virtual reality environments.

What Affects Motion Sickness?

Sensory conflicts—a condition in which the brain interprets contradicting signals from the eyes and inner ear—have an impact on motion sickness by impairing balance perception. Susceptibility is influenced by elements like age, gender (more prevalent in females), genetic predispositions, and past motion experiences. Developing effective treatments and preventive measures benefits from an understanding of these factors.

Genetic Factors

There have been several studies into the genetic basis of motion sickness susceptibility, shedding light on potential genetic factors that may contribute to an individual’s propensity for motion-induced nausea and discomfort.

HTR2A Gene (Serotonin Receptor 2A)

Serotonin is another neurotransmitter that affects mood and nausea. The HTR2A gene, coding for the serotonin receptor 2A, has been investigated for motion sickness. Variations in this gene may impact serotonin signaling, potentially influencing susceptibility to motion-induced nausea.

LifeDNA’s Motion Sickness Report Genetic Markers

One study, a GWAS with over 80,000 participants, uncovered 35 significant genetic associations with motion sickness, shedding light on the complex interplay of genes involved. Notable associations include rs66800491 near PVRL3, linked to eye development, and rs2153535 near MUTED, implicated in balance. Several of the SNPs are near genes related to neurological processes, such as those in NLGN1 and CBLN4. 

Surprisingly, some of the SNPs are also linked to glucose and insulin homeostasis, like rs56051278 in GPD2. Moreover, certain SNPs are in hypoxia-related regions, suggesting a potential link between hypoxia and motion sickness. Shared genetics were found between motion sickness and migraines (e.g., rs61759167 in PRDM16) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (e.g., rs6833641 near ARAP2). 

Other genetic markers included in the report include  ACO1 (rs10970305), AUTS2 (rs1195218), GPR26 (rs705145), UBE2E2 (rs11129078), LINGO2 (rs2150864), and CPNE4 (rs9834560).

The field of genetics and motion sickness is complex, and research findings may not always be consistent across studies. Moreover, multiple genes and their interactions, rather than a single gene, likely contribute to an individual’s susceptibility. Further research, including more large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), is needed to identify more precise genetic markers associated with motion sickness.

Environmental Factors

Motion sickness is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While genetic predispositions play a role, various environmental factors contribute significantly to the onset and severity of motion sickness. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective prevention and mitigation strategies.

Visual Stimuli

Conflicting Visual Information: A primary cause of motion sickness is a conflict between visual input and signals from the inner ear’s vestibular system. For instance, reading while in a moving vehicle or experiencing virtual reality that does not correspond to physical motion can induce nausea.

Vestibular Stimuli

Unpredictable Motion: Sudden or unpredictable movements, such as turbulence during air travel or irregularities in sea conditions, can amplify the sensory conflict and contribute to motion sickness. 

Individual Differences

Age: Children between 2 and 12 years old and older adults are more susceptible to motion sickness than other age groups. This susceptibility tends to decrease during adolescence and adulthood. 

Gender: Women, especially during menstruation and pregnancy, are generally more prone to motion sickness than men. Hormonal fluctuations are believed to influence susceptibility.

Prior Experience and Adaptation

Acquired Tolerance: Individuals who frequently engage in activities that can induce motion sickness may develop a degree of tolerance or adaptation over time. For example, sailors or frequent flyers may experience reduced symptoms with continued exposure.

Body Position and Posture

Lack of Control: Being in a situation where an individual has little control over the motion, such as being a passenger rather than a driver, can increase susceptibility to motion sickness. Lack of control disrupts the integration of sensory information. 

Environmental Conditions

Closed Spaces: Poor ventilation in enclosed spaces, such as the cabin of a car or an airplane, can exacerbate motion sickness symptoms. Adequate ventilation helps mitigate sensory conflict by providing the brain with additional sensory input.

Mental State and Stress

Anxiety and Stress: Emotional factors, including anxiety and stress, can influence the onset and severity of motion sickness. Stress may exacerbate symptoms through its effects on the autonomic nervous system. 

Medication and Substances

Certain Medications: Some medications, such as those for pain, hypertension, and psychiatric conditions, may increase susceptibility to motion sickness as a side effect. Additionally, alcohol and certain substances can exacerbate symptoms.

A thorough understanding of motion sickness is possible through an understanding of the interaction between genetic predispositions and various environmental influences. Reducing sensory conflicts, keeping eyes fixed on a fixed spot, and progressively acclimating people to motion stimuli are common techniques used to treat or prevent motion sickness. Effective motion sickness management can also be aided by environmental changes like better ventilation and stress reduction.

What are the Symptoms of Motion Sickness?

Motion sickness manifests with a range of symptoms resulting from a sensory conflict between visual input and signals from the inner ear’s vestibular system, responsible for balance and spatial orientation. The most common symptoms include:

  1. Nausea: A feeling of queasiness and an urge to vomit are hallmark symptoms of motion sickness. Nausea may be accompanied by salivation and increased swallowing.
  2. Vomiting:  In more severe cases, motion sickness can lead to vomiting. This is the body’s response to what the brain perceives as potentially ingesting a harmful substance.
  3. Dizziness: Individuals experiencing motion sickness often report feelings of dizziness or lightheadedness. This results from the sensory conflict disrupting the brain’s interpretation of motion.
  4. Sweating: Motion sickness can induce sweating, leading to increased perspiration, particularly on the forehead.
  5. Pallor: Paleness of the skin, or pallor, is a common symptom. It is associated with the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to the perceived threat of poisoning.
  6. Fatigue: Motion sickness can be mentally and physically exhausting, contributing to feelings of fatigue and lethargy.
  7. Headache: Some individuals may experience headaches as a secondary symptom of motion sickness, likely due to the overall stress on the nervous system.

Each person will experience symptoms differently, and that susceptibility can be influenced by several variables, including age, gender, and past motion experiences.

Furthermore, while travel is frequently linked to motion sickness, other activities that involve perceived motion, such as simulator rides or virtual reality experiences, can also cause it. For motion sickness to be effectively managed and prevented, it is essential to comprehend these symptoms and the factors that can cause them.

Can Motion Sickness Go Away on Its Own?

With time, motion sickness can become better and can even go away on its own. We refer to this process of natural desensitization as habituation. People’s bodies and brains may adjust to the opposing sensory signals that initially caused motion sickness as they are frequently exposed to motion stimuli. Habituation is especially prevalent in circumstances when people participate in motion-sickness-causing activities regularly, like traveling.

However, each person experiences motion sickness differently in terms of how quickly it goes away on its own. This process is influenced by various factors, including age, genetics, and the frequency of exposure. Some may see a noticeable improvement in their symptoms, but others might still be vulnerable. Interventions like behavioral strategies, medicine, or other preventive measures may be taken into consideration for people who suffer from severe or chronic motion sickness.

Is Motion Sickness the Same as Vertigo?

Vertigo and motion sickness are two different but related conditions. Motion sickness is the term used to describe the pain, nausea, and vertigo that arise from a sensory conflict between signals from the vestibular system of the inner ear and visual information, usually brought on by motion or movement.

On the other hand, nausea and unsteadiness are frequently present along with vertigo, which is defined by a delusional feeling of spinning or movement. While vertigo can be brought on by several conditions, such as infections, inner ear illnesses (such as vestibular migraines or Meniere’s disease), or neurological problems that impair balance, motion sickness is typically associated with particular activities like traveling.

Both conditions involve disturbances in the vestibular system, which contributes to our sense of spatial orientation and balance. However, the key difference lies in the sensations experienced.

Motion sickness is typically triggered by external motion, whereas vertigo involves a perception of motion that may occur even when the individual is stationary. Understanding these distinctions is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of these conditions.

How to Manage Motion Sickness

Managing motion sickness involves a combination of preventive measures, behavioral strategies, and, in some cases, medications. 

Choose the Right Seat

Front and Center: When traveling, opt for a seat at the front and center of the vehicle or vessel. This position minimizes the visual and physical sensations associated with motion.

Visual Fixation

Stare at the Horizon: Maintaining a steady gaze at the horizon helps stabilize visual input and reduce sensory conflict. This is particularly effective during sea travel or car rides.

Fresh Air and Ventilation

Open Windows: Adequate ventilation and fresh air can alleviate symptoms. When possible, open windows or ensure good airflow in enclosed spaces to provide additional sensory input.

Avoid Reading and Screen Use

Limit Close-Up Tasks: Reading, watching videos, or using electronic devices can exacerbate motion sickness. Minimize these activities, especially in vehicles, to prevent conflicting visual signals.

Acclimatization and Gradual Exposure

Frequent Exposure: Gradual exposure to motion can induce habituation and reduce susceptibility. Increasing exposure over time, especially in activities prone to motion sickness, may help the body adapt. 

Hydration and Nutrition

Stay Hydrated: Dehydration can exacerbate motion sickness symptoms. Stay well-hydrated, but avoid heavy meals before travel, as a full stomach can contribute to nausea.

Ginger

Natural Remedy: Ginger has shown anti-nausea properties and is considered a natural remedy for motion sickness. Consuming ginger in various forms, such as ginger tea or supplements, may help alleviate symptoms. 

Wristbands

Pressure Points: Acupressure wristbands, which apply pressure to specific points on the wrist, have been suggested as a non-pharmacological intervention for motion sickness. While scientific evidence is mixed, some studies support their efficacy. 

Medications

Antihistamines: Over-the-counter antihistamines, such as dimenhydrinate and meclizine, are commonly used to prevent and treat motion sickness. These medications work by blocking signals in the brain responsible for nausea and vomiting.

Prescription Medications

Scopolamine: This prescription medication, often administered as a patch behind the ear, can be effective in preventing motion sickness by affecting the vestibular system. It should be used under medical supervision due to potential side effects.

Individual responses to these strategies vary, and a combination of approaches may be most effective. Consult with healthcare professionals, especially for individuals with chronic or severe motion sickness. Additionally, as research in this field continues, new interventions may emerge, providing additional options for managing and preventing motion sickness.

About LifeDNA’s Motion Sickness Report

Unlock the secrets of your genetic code with LifeDNA’s Wellness Report, offering a comprehensive exploration of your unique genetic predispositions, including a detailed analysis of potential factors contributing to motion sickness. Our reports delve into genetic markers associated with susceptibility, empowering you with personalized insights for effective prevention and management. 

Explore other insightful reports from LifeDNA, including the Smoking Behavior & Nicotine Dependence Report, Back Pain Report, Longevity Report, and Male Pattern Baldness Report. 

Each report provides valuable genetic insights, enabling you to make informed decisions for a healthier, happier future. Elevate your understanding of yourself with LifeDNA – where science meets personalized wellness. Order your complete Wellness Report today and embark on a journey to a genetically informed and optimized lifestyle.

Summary

  • A frequent disorder called motion sickness is defined by a variety of symptoms that are brought on by movement or motion, including nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. 
  • The symptoms are brought on by a conflict between the vestibular (inner ear) and ocular sensory signals related to motion. The brain receives conflicting signals from these two sources, leading to a sensory mismatch and motion sickness sensations.
  • Because the inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, the brain interprets signals from the inner ear that contradict visual information as potentially being a poison or toxin ingestion. 
  • Although anybody can experience motion sickness, some people are more susceptible than others owing to genetic factors.
  • Two characteristics that affect susceptibility are age and sex: women are more likely than men to experience motion sickness, and they also tend to afflict children and the elderly more frequently. 
  • Each person will react to motion sickness symptoms differently, and several factors, such as age, gender, and prior motion-related experiences, might affect a person’s susceptibility to the condition. 
  • A combination of behavioral techniques, preventative measures, and, in certain situations, medication is used to manage motion sickness. 

References

  1. https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-motion-sickness
  2. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12782-motion-sickness
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383869/
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34948773/ 
  6. https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/24/9/2700/2385879?login=false
  7. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/motion-sickness#:~:text=Causes,simulators%20or%20amusement%20park%20rides.
  8. https://www.conwaymedicalcenter.com/news/topic/the-dizzying-differences-between-motion-sickness-and-vertigo/#:~:text=Other%20things%20can%20also%20cause,responsible%20for%20maintaining%20your%20equilibrium.
  9. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/motion-sickness

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Genetics Of Protein Needs: Balancing Your Macronutrients

Aira on December 22, 2023

Overview

Proteins are fundamental components of all living organisms and are crucial in virtually every biological process. As the building blocks of life, they are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the tissues and organs. 

The significance of proteins in the body is immense and multifaceted. Understanding proteins and their functions is crucial for advancing medical science, improving health treatments, and developing nutritional guidelines tailored to individual needs.

Here is an overview of their significance:

Structural Support: Proteins provide structural support to cells and tissues. For example, collagen, a protein, is an essential component of skin, tendons, and bones.

Enzymatic Functions: Many proteins act as enzymes, speeding up biochemical reactions essential for digestion, energy production, and other metabolic processes.

Transport and Storage: Proteins transport substances across cell membranes and within the bloodstream. Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, carries oxygen throughout the body.

Immune Response: Antibodies are proteins that play a critical role in the immune system, identifying and neutralizing pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

Cellular Communication: Proteins are involved in cell signaling, helping cells to communicate with each other. It is vital for processes like growth and repair.

Hormonal Regulation: Some hormones, such as insulin, are proteins. They play pivotal roles in regulating physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Muscle Contraction: Actin and myosin, two types of proteins, are essential for muscle contraction and movement.

Proper management of protein intake is essential for various health objectives, including weight loss, muscle gain, and overall well-being. The first step in this journey is to accurately calculate your protein needs, which vary based on age, gender, activity level, and specific health goals. For the average adult, a standard guideline is consuming about 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. However, if your aim is muscle gain or weight loss, this requirement often increases to around 1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram.

When focusing on weight loss, boosting your protein intake can be particularly beneficial. It aids in maintaining satiety, reducing overall calorie consumption, and preserving lean muscle mass even as you lose weight. Including protein powder supplements is a popular choice to increase your daily protein intake. Lean meats, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts, and seeds are excellent food choices for protein.

For those looking to build muscle, the emphasis should not just be on the amount of protein consumed but also on its quality. Incorporating protein-rich meals and snacks throughout the day supports muscle repair and growth and complements your resistance training efforts.

Tracking your daily protein intake is another crucial aspect. Utilizing food diaries and nutrition tracking apps or maintaining a conscious awareness of the protein content in your meals can help ensure you meet your dietary targets.

The general dietary guidelines suggest that 10-35% of your daily calories should be from protein. Based on your fitness or health goals, the range is adjusted. Understanding and managing your protein consumption is critical for losing weight, gaining muscle, or staying healthy. By focusing on a balanced diet and keeping track of your intake, you can get maximum benefits from protein to meet your health objectives effectively.

Genetics Of Protein Needs

Genetics Of Protein Intake

FTO

The FTO gene (Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated protein) is widely studied in the context of obesity and body mass regulation. It encodes an enzyme responsible for nucleic acid demethylation (removing methyl groups from DNA, which can alter gene expression without changing the genetic sequence), playing a vital role in energy balance and metabolic processes.

Notably, variations in the FTO gene are strongly linked to an increased likelihood of obesity, as individuals with specific gene variants tend to have a higher body mass index (BMI) and are more prone to obesity. These genetic differences may influence eating behaviors, leading to an increased appetite, higher calorie intake, and a preference for calorie-dense foods.

You Might Also Like: How Do Genes Influence Weight Change? 

The enzyme produced by the FTO gene removes methyl groups from DNA, impacting the expression of other genes, especially those influencing fat storage and energy utilization. The gene’s expression in multiple body tissues, including critical areas in the brain like the hypothalamus, underscores its significant role in appetite regulation.

Variations in the FTO gene are associated with changes in dietary habits, specifically showing an association with increased energy intake, fat, and protein. A 2013 GWAS highlighted that variant (rs1421085) of the FTO gene was associated with higher protein intake.

FGF21

The FGF21 gene) codes for the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 protein, which belongs to the large fibroblast growth factor family. This protein plays a pivotal role in metabolic regulation, particularly in managing glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. It is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis, especially during fasting or starvation. Variant rs838133 of this gene is associated with decreased protein intake.

Non-Genetic Factors Influencing Protein Intake

Non-genetic factors influencing protein intake are diverse, encompassing various aspects of lifestyle, environment, and individual choices. These factors are crucial in determining how much protein an individual consumes. Some of the vital non-genetic factors include:

Dietary Habits and Preferences: Personal food preferences and habits greatly influence protein intake. Cultural and regional dietary patterns also play a role, as some cuisines are naturally higher in protein sources than others.

Nutritional Knowledge and Awareness: An individual’s understanding of their nutritional needs and including protein in the diet can significantly affect their protein consumption.

Understand Your Nutritional Needs. Get the LifeDNA Nutrition Report

Health and Fitness Goals: People with specific health or fitness goals, such as muscle building, weight loss, or managing a health condition, may adjust their protein intake accordingly.

Economic Factors: Economic status and affordability of food can impact protein intake. High-quality protein sources like meat, fish, and dairy can be expensive, influencing consumption patterns.

Age and Physiological Needs: Different life stages have varying protein requirements. For instance, growing children, pregnant women, and senior citizens may have increased protein needs.

Activity Level and Physical Exercise: Active individuals and athletes often have higher protein requirements to support muscle repair, growth, and overall recovery.

Health Status and Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, can affect how the body processes protein, influencing protein intake recommendations.

Dietary Restrictions and Allergies: Vegetarian or vegan diets and allergies to specific protein sources (like dairy or nuts) can shape how an individual meets their protein requirements.

Social and Psychological Factors: Social influences, peer groups, and psychological factors like stress and personal beliefs can impact eating behaviors and protein consumption.

Accessibility and Convenience: Easy access to protein-rich foods and the convenience of preparation can also affect protein intake. Processed and fast foods, which might be high in protein but low in nutritional quality, are often more accessible.

How To Meet Your Daily Protein Needs: For Vegetarians & Vegans

Meeting daily protein needs as a vegetarian involves incorporating various plant-based protein sources into your diet. Here is how vegetarians can ensure they get enough protein:

  1. Diversify Protein Sources: Include a variety of plant-based protein sources like lentils, chickpeas, black beans, and other legumes. These are high in protein and provide fiber and other nutrients.
  2. Include Whole Grains: Whole grains like quinoa, barley, and brown rice are good protein sources. Quinoa is particularly beneficial as it contains all nine essential amino acids.
  3. Include Soy Products: Soy products like tofu, tempeh, and edamame are excellent protein sources. You can cook them in various ways and add them to versatile recipes.
  4. Include Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, flaxseeds, and hemp seeds are not only protein-rich but also provide healthy fats. You can add them to salads and yogurt or enjoy them as snacks.
  5. Eat Dairy and Eggs (for vegetarians who eat eggs): These are excellent protein sources for those who eat dairy and eggs. Greek yogurt, cheese, and eggs can significantly boost protein intake.
  6. Explore Protein-Rich Vegetables: While (most/many?) vegetables are not as high in protein as legumes and nuts, some, like broccoli, spinach, and Brussels sprouts, do contain significant amounts.
  7. Snack on Protein-Rich Foods: Choose snacks high in protein, such as yogurt, cheese, nuts, or a protein shake made with plant-based protein powder.
  8. Use Fortified Foods: Some foods and beverages contain additional protein and nutrients, such as certain plant milk and cereals.
  9. Combine Incomplete Proteins: Understand the concept of complete and incomplete proteins. Combining plant-based protein sources (like beans and rice) can ensure you get all essential amino acids.
  10. Monitor and Plan Meals: Keep track of your protein intake to ensure you meet your daily needs. Planning meals can help achieve a balanced diet that covers all essential nutrients.

Remember, the key is variety and balance. A well-planned vegetarian or vegan diet can efficiently meet the protein requirements.

About The LifeDNA Nutrition Report

Do you want to know if you have a higher genetic likelihood for lactose intolerance or gluten sensitivity, or how well your body metabolizes caffeine? The Nutrition Report from LifeDNA offers genetically tailored nutrition insights that can help optimize your wellness. The report delves into your genetic predispositions to food intolerances and provides dietary recommendations for macro and micronutrients. 

The LifeDNA Nutrition report includes a specific analysis for Protein Intake. Get yours here.

References

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819260/
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612009/ 
  3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523055600?via%3Dihub
  4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322003660
  5. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/are-you-getting-too-much-protein
  6. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/quinoa/

* LifeDNA is not associated with the above company. 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

The Role of Genetics in Satiety and Its Impact on Eating Patterns

Aira on December 18, 2023

What is Satiety?

Satiety refers to feeling full or experiencing a diminished appetite after a meal. It involves both physical and psychological satisfaction following food consumption. This sense of fullness can be immediate, like when quenching thirst, or it can endure for several hours, as observed after finishing a meal.

The composition of the food or beverage consumed influences the duration of satiety. For instance, the impact of consuming something sugary, such as a soft drink, may provide temporary satisfaction, but hunger tends to return shortly afterward.

In contrast, combining a sugary drink with a protein-rich sandwich or other substantial foods tends to prolong the feeling of satisfaction. This is because liquid sugar is quickly absorbed and digested by the body, unlike the slower digestion of nutrients like proteins or starch and fiber found in solid foods. 

Notably, including fats in a meal contributes to a more extended sense of satiety, as the body takes a longer time to absorb and digest fats than proteins and carbohydrates.

Importantly, the experience of satiety significantly influences subsequent eating patterns, determining both the quantity and timing of the next meal.

Satiety

Hormones and Satiety

Leptin, often referred to as the satiety hormone, plays a crucial role in managing appetite and promoting a sense of fullness. In contrast, ghrelin serves as the hunger signal, prompting your brain to initiate eating. After a meal, ghrelin levels decrease while leptin levels rise. This shift in hormone levels acts as a signaling mechanism, with the increased leptin signaling your brain to decrease appetite and enhance feelings of satiety.

The Genetics of Satiety

Genetics plays a role in regulating energy, metabolism, and body fat and impacts the sensation of fullness after eating.

LEP Gene

The leptin (LEP) gene is important in satiety regulation, with its rare mutations known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity. To unravel common loci influencing circulating leptin levels, a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) involving 32,161 individuals was conducted.

Five robustly associated loci (P<5 × 10⁻⁸) emerged, with LEP itself at the forefront, emphasizing its pivotal role. Notably, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1, and FTO also played significant roles, independent of adiposity. While the FTO obesity locus’s association with leptin levels vanished after BMI adjustment, the others maintained their independent influence.

FTO Gene

The FTO gene produces the fat mass and obesity-associated protein. Variations in this gene can heighten hunger and increase energy intake. The rs9939609 SNP in the FTO gene, particularly the AA and TA forms, is linked to impaired satiety responses.

DRD2 Gene

The DRD2 gene codes for the dopamine receptor D2 subtype. Alterations in this gene may reduce the receptor amount, leading to overeating. The SNP rs1800497 in the DRD2 gene, with the T allele as the risk allele, is associated with reduced sensitivity to dopamine, higher body fat, and lower satiety scores.

MC4R Gene

The MC4R gene produces the melanocortin 4 receptor, which signals fullness after a meal. Changes in this gene are linked to obesity. The SNP rs17782313 in the MC4R gene, with the C allele as the risk allele, is associated with a higher risk of obesity, increased calorie intake, and lower satiety scores.

Understanding the genetics of satiety unveils the intricate role that our genes play in regulating satiety, hunger, appetite, energy expenditure, and overall body weight. Genetic variations can influence key components of the satiety signaling pathway, impacting an individual’s susceptibility to overeating, or their ability to maintain a good weight.

Read about the genetics of appetite in more detail in this article.

Non-Genetic Factors Influencing Satiety

Environmental, personal, physiological, and psychological aspects play a crucial role in influencing satiety. Understanding these factors provides valuable insights into the complex interplay that determines how individuals perceive and respond to the feeling of fullness after eating.

Physiological

The gut, a major hormone-producing organ, impacts satiety. Stomach distension signals satiation to the brain via the vagus nerve. Peptides like CCK, neurotensin, and GLP-1 regulate appetite. Ghrelin, released by the stomach, stimulates hunger, while leptin from adipose tissues suppresses it, maintaining energy balance.

Gut Wellness

The interplay between gut microbiota, satiety hormones, and energy intake is well-studied. Modifications in host-bacterial interactions can benefit satiety in insulin-resistant obese individuals. Prebiotics and short-chain fatty acids produced by gut bacteria can enhance satiety signaling.

Sociocultural

Social aspects influence satiety; cultural food patterns and meal size affect satiation. Eating with others can increase energy intake, influenced by the presence of family, friends, or colleagues. Social isolation, poverty, and loneliness also impact appetite. Various factors like socio-economic status, media literacy, and past experiences influence food choices.

Psychological

Satiety is a complex feeling, involving hunger perception, food cravings, and hedonic sensations. Psychological factors, such as feelings of deprivation and the reward value of food, impact appetite. Food acceptance and rejection, conditioned reflexes, and cognitive processes shape eating patterns. Individuals on weight-loss regimens may experience increased cravings and altered CNS responses to calorie-rich foods.

Gender Differences

Gender differences play a role in food intake regulation and appetite control. Women tend to feel easily satisfied with the amount of food they eat, especially when it provides a similar number of calories and is readily available. This satisfaction is influenced by hormonal and neuronal factors, making women generally more easily satiated than men. 

Body composition differences contribute to variable food/energy intake, as women have more body fat and higher leptin levels, promoting satiety.

Leptin secretion increases with higher adiposity in females, inhibiting food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Obese individuals often show leptin resistance. Long-term leptin treatment may lower fat mass and body weight in individuals with slight hyperleptinemia.

Age Differences

Age is a crucial factor affecting the satiating efficiency of foods. Sensory-specific satiety declines with age due to changes in taste and smell discrimination, leading to reduced energy intake in old age.

Elderly individuals may have limited food choices due to the decreased pleasantness of food, posing potential risks. Age-associated changes in sensory-specific satiety contribute to differences in food preferences and intake among various age groups.

Understanding satiety requires considering these multifaceted factors that go beyond genetics and involve the interplay of various elements influencing how individuals perceive and respond to the feeling of fullness after eating.

Harnessing Satiety for Weight Management

In contemporary dietary strategies, satiety emerges as a powerful tool for calorie management and weight control. Understanding its pivotal role in weight management is crucial; satiety allows for the moderation of calorie intake by choosing foods that provide a satisfying experience without an excess of calories, coupled with essential nutrients.

Every food item comes with its own satiety index, dictating the speed at which one feels full compared to others. The satiety index assesses the capacity of popular foods to induce fullness in comparison to white bread. 

White bread is assigned a baseline satiety index of 100 as a reference point for the evaluation. Boiled potatoes claim the top spot with a satiety index of 323, showcasing their remarkable fullness-inducing capacity. Conversely, french fries score 116, highlighting the influence of cooking methods on satiety. 

Foods scoring above 100 are deemed filling, while those below 100 are considered less satisfying.

This index serves as a practical tool for making informed dietary choices, offering insights into how different foods and cooking techniques impact our sense of fullness.

About the LifeDNA Report

LifeDNA’s Nutrition Report delves into the intricacies of your genetic code to unravel why you might experience more intense or only subtle sensations of satiety.

Your unique genetic makeup influences how your body responds to different foods and their impact on satiety. Whether you find yourself easily satisfied or frequently yearning for more food, your genes can provide insights into your body’s reactions to dietary changes.

Whether you aim to control your weight, regulate blood sugar levels, or simply foster overall well-being, LifeDNA’s Nutrition Report can be your roadmap to a more satiated you.

Start your journey to personalized well-being today!

Summary

  • Vitamin D, known as the “sunshine vitamin,” is crucial for calcium and phosphorus absorption, supporting the bones. Additionally, it exhibits potential benefits in immune function and cancer cell growth inhibition.
  • Vitamin D is essential for preventing bone-related conditions such as rickets and osteomalacia. It also plays a role in supporting immune function, potentially reducing the risk of autoimmune conditions.
  • Key genes, including GC, NADSYN1/DHCR7, CYP2R1, and CYP24A1, influence vitamin D regulation. Variants in these genes provide insights into the genetic determinants of vitamin D levels.
  • Sun exposure, influenced by geographical location and atmospheric conditions, along with factors such as clothing, sunscreen, skin pigmentation, age, and obesity, impacts vitamin D synthesis and metabolism.
  • Achieving optimal vitamin D levels involves balancing sun exposure, dietary sources such as fatty fish and fortified foods, and, when necessary, supplementation. Consideration of individual factors such as genetics, skin color, season, and conditions is crucial for personalized strategies.

References

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26394262/
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537038/
  3. https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523266204?via%3Dihub
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18583465/
  5. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=DRD2
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28241982/
  7. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MC4R
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24458996/
  9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.1002619/full
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8424853/
  11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25159561/
  12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7498104/

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

New Study: How Well Can Genetics Predict Potential Likelihood Of Obesity?

Aira on December 15, 2023

Study Title: Polygenic risk of obesity and BMI trajectories over 36 years: A longitudinal study of adult Finnish twins

What Are Twin Studies?

Twin studies are a type of genetic research that compares the similarity of traits and behaviors between monozygotic (identical) twins, who share 100% of their genomes, and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, who share about 50% of their gene sequences, to understand the influence of genetics versus environment on various characteristics.

Twin studies are a highly effective tool in estimating heritability, the proportion of variation in a trait attributable to genetic factors within a population. The effectiveness of twin studies in predicting heritability lies in several key aspects:

  1. Comparison of Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: By comparing similarities in traits between these two types of twins, researchers can estimate the extent to which genetics influences these traits.
  2. Shared vs. Non-shared Environment: Twin studies allow researchers to separate the effects of genetics from the environment. Both types of twins usually share a common environment during early life. Differences in traits between monozygotic twins can often be attributed to non-shared environmental factors or unique experiences since their genetic makeup is identical.
  3. Heritability Estimation: The more prominent similarity in a trait observed among monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins suggests a genetic influence. Heritability is estimated based on the degree of trait similarity (concordance) between twins.
  4. Broad Applications: Researchers use twin studies to investigate the heritability of various attributes and conditions, including physical traits, diseases, and behavioral characteristics.
  5. Control for Confounding Variables: Twin studies often control for age, upbringing, and socio-economic status, which might otherwise confound results in other genetic studies.

We will discuss twin studies and their immense value in genetics in a more detailed article in the future.

BMI Obesity

What Is A Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)?

A polygenic risk score is a numerical value that quantifies an individual’s genetic susceptibility to a particular trait or disease based on the combined effect of multiple genetic variants. We calculate this score by summing the effects of various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), each contributing to a small increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the trait or disease.

A polygenic risk score estimates an individual’s predisposition based on their unique genetic makeup, aiding in risk assessment, personalized medicine, and understanding the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits. In a future article, we will go into more detail about this valuable genetic tool.

Why Are Twin Studies On Obesity Important?

Obesity has tripled worldwide since 1975. This rise in obesity is multifactorial, resulting from a complex mix of multiple genetic factors, epigenetic influences, and environmental conditions.

Twin studies have been instrumental in understanding obesity, revealing that genetic factors account for up to 80% of the body mass index (BMI) differences in young adulthood. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants associated with BMI. These variants, known as SNPs, contribute to calculating a polygenic risk score for BMI, offering a personalized gauge of genetic susceptibility to obesity.

In studying obesity, monozygotic (MZ) twins with nearly identical genetic sequences provide a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of genetic factors versus environmental factors on BMI. Comparatively, dizygotic (DZ) twins share about 50% of their segregating genomic segments. When raised together, MZ and DZ twins experience similar environmental influences, allowing for a comparative analysis of genetic and environmental contributions to BMI. 

Several previous studies have examined MZ and DZ twins with significant differences in BMI. 

However, these studies were cross-sectional and varied in their definitions of extensive intrapair BMI differences without fully considering genetic predisposition.

In contrast, a longitudinal study is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (such as people, groups, or data) over several years to even decades.

Summary of a Recent Study on Obesity Genetics

A longitudinal study published in November 2023 aimed to explore the long-term BMI trajectories over 36 years in twins. It focused mainly on those whose BMI in young adulthood was either below, within, or above the range predicted by their genetic profile. Twin pairs exhibiting large BMI differences, a within-pair BMI difference of 3 kg/m² or more, were given special attention.

Involving a cohort (group of individuals who share a defining characteristic or experience within a defined period) of 3,227 like-sexed twin pairs, of which 34% were monozygotic, the study commenced in 1975 when the participants were approximately 30 years old. It continued with follow-ups in 1981, 1990, and 2011. The BMI observed in 1975 was categorized as within (±2.0), below (<−2.0), or above (>+2.0) the genetically predicted BMI. They based this prediction on a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from 996,919 SNPs.

The results revealed that in both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs with significant intrapair BMI differences, the twin with a higher BMI in 1975 more frequently had a BMI above the genetically predicted value, compared to the twin with a lower BMI who more often fell below the range. By 2011, those below, within, and above their predicted BMI in 1975 had typically reached regular weight, overweight, and obesity status, respectively.

From these findings, the study concluded that classifying individuals’ BMI as below, within, or above their genetically predicted BMI, using a polygenic risk score, is beneficial in identifying those who are either resistant or susceptible to weight gain. This classification could offer new insights into the factors contributing to and the consequences of obesity, enhancing our understanding of this complex health issue.

Why Is This Study Important?

These findings could potentially redirect the course of obesity research. By categorizing an individual’s BMI as below, within, or above their genetic predisposition to BMI, researchers can now investigate separately those who are either resistant or susceptible to weight gain.

This approach offers a valuable new perspective in understanding the cause and development of obesity, focusing on individual variations in response to genetic predispositions. This nuanced understanding could be crucial in developing more targeted and effective interventions for obesity prevention and treatment.

References

  1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.23906
  2. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4962159/
  4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=null&dbid=8&doi=10.1002%2Foby.23906&key=31466550&getFTLinkType=true&doiForPubOfPage=10.1002%2Foby.23906&refDoi=10.1017%2Fthg.2019.43&linkType=PMID&linkSource=FULL_TEXT&linkLocation=Reference

* LifeDNA is not associated with the above company. 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Unraveling The Genetics Of Sweet Preference

Aira on December 15, 2023

Overview

Humans perceive sweet taste through a specialized and complex process that involves taste receptors, taste buds, and signal transmission to the brain.

Genetics Of Sweet Preference

The Sweet Receptor

Sweet taste perception starts in the taste buds, sensory cell clusters on the tongue. Each taste bud contains several taste receptor cells. The key receptors for sweet taste are the G protein-coupled receptors, specifically the TAS1R2 (T1R2) and TAS1R3 (T1R3) subunits, which form the sweet receptor. These receptors are sensitive to various sweet substances, including sugars (like glucose and fructose), artificial sweeteners, and some amino acids.

When you eat something sweet, it binds to the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 receptor complex. This binding triggers a series of cellular events within the taste receptor cells. Once the sweet molecule binds to its receptor, it activates a G protein called gustducin. This activation leads to a cascade of intracellular events that result in the release of neurotransmitters. These events involve changes in cellular ion channels, leading to the depolarization of the taste cell.

The neurotransmitters released from the taste cells stimulate sensory nerve fibers, which send signals to the brain, particularly to the gustatory cortex responsible for processing taste information. Once these signals reach the brain, it interprets them as a sweet taste. Individual genetic differences can influence this perception, which explains why some people have a stronger preference or sensitivity to sweet tastes than others.

It is also important to note that the perception of sweetness is not just a simple signal from the tongue to the brain. It often involves integration with other senses, especially smell, which can significantly enhance or alter the perception of sweetness.

The understanding of sweet taste perception is crucial in many fields, including nutrition, food science, and medicine, particularly in understanding and managing conditions like diabetes and obesity, where the regulation of sugar intake is vital.

Evolutionary Significance

The evolutionary significance of sweet taste perception lies in its role as a mechanism for survival and adaptation in humans and other animals. Sweetness typically indicates the presence of sugars, a primary and efficient energy source. In the natural environment, especially for early humans and other animals, finding foods rich in sugars was crucial for survival. The ability to detect and prefer sweet tastes helped individuals identify and consume energy-rich foods, especially when food sources were scarce or unpredictable.

Sweet taste is often associated with the ripeness of fruits and other plant foods. Ripe fruits are more energy-dense and generally safer than unripe or overripe fruits, which might be toxic or less nutritious. Therefore, the preference for sweet taste helped early humans to select the most beneficial and least harmful foods.

As humans evolved and spread across different environments, the ability to perceive and enjoy sweet tastes might have played a role in dietary diversification. It allowed early humans to explore and incorporate various new foods into their diets, contributing to their adaptability and survival in diverse habitats.

Breast milk is naturally sweet, which helps in attracting infants to it, ensuring they receive adequate nutrition for growth and development. This innate preference for sweetness helps infants to accept and prefer their mother’s milk or milk substitutes for primary nutrition.

Current Health Challenges

In modern times, the evolutionary preference for sweet tastes poses health challenges. With the widespread availability of artificially sweetened foods and high-sugar food items, this once-beneficial trait can contribute to health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. It represents a case of an evolutionary advantage that, due to changes in environment and lifestyle, has become a disadvantage in the context of modern health.

Genetics Of Sweet Taste Preference

Heritability

In a study investigating the hereditary aspects of sweet taste preference, researchers focused on a Finnish cohort comprising 146 subjects from 26 families, including a mix of men (32%) and women (68%) ranging in age from 18 to 78 years. Additionally, they provided information about their liking and frequency of consumption of various sweet foods such as chocolate, candy, ice cream, sweet desserts, and pastries. They also completed a questionnaire assessing their craving for sweet foods.

The results revealed significant heritability in several sweet taste perception and preference aspects. The pleasantness rating of the most potent sucrose solution (18.75%) and the intensity rating of PROP showed high heritability estimates of 41% and 66%, respectively. Furthermore, the study found that the overall pleasantness and consumption frequency of sweet foods and the craving for these foods also exhibited considerable heritability (40%, 50%, and 31%, respectively).

Current Research

In 2019, researchers conducted a GWAS on sweet taste perception across three independent samples, all of European ancestry. The first sample consisted of 1757 Australian adolescents, where the perceived intensity of two sugars (glucose and fructose) and two high-potency sweeteners (neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and aspartame) was analyzed. The second sample included 686 U.S. adults, focusing on sucrose’s perceived intensity, sweetness, and preference. The third sample, from the UK Biobank, comprised 174,424 white-British individuals. The study examined the intake of total sugars and sweets.

The findings revealed a strong association between total sugar intake and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the FTO gene on chromosome 16. Additionally, the research identified many suggestive associations for each sweet perception and intake phenotype. These results supported the idea that the brain plays a significant role in the perception of sweet taste and sugar intake.

A 2020 GWAS on a large cohort of 12,312 Japanese individuals revealed a significant association between the 12q24 locus and the sweet taste preference. A key finding was the lead variant, rs671, located in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene, which is known for its role in alcohol metabolism. This variant is unique in its expression as it is monoallelic (when only one allele is expressed; the other allele is silenced or not expressed) in non-East Asian populations.

A 2021 exploratory GWAS indicated several SNPs associated with sweet taste preference. It included a lead SNP (rs2091718) in the PTPRN2 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type N2) gene, where its minor allele correlated with a lower preference for sweet taste. The PTPRN2 gene also emerged as a top-ranked gene in the gene-based GWAS analysis.

Section Summary

In a series of GWAS conducted between 2019 and 2022, researchers explored the genetic basis of sweet taste perception and preference across different populations. These studies collectively enhance understanding of the genetic factors underlying sweet taste perception and preference.

Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Sweet Taste Preference

Non-genetic factors influencing an individual’s preference for sugary foods are multifaceted and involve environmental, psychological, and physiological elements. Understanding these factors is vital as they can significantly impact dietary choices and health outcomes. Here are some critical non-genetic factors affecting preference for sugary foods:

Cultural and Social Influences: Cultural norms and practices significantly help shape food preferences, including liking sugary items. Social factors such as family eating habits, societal norms, and availability influence these preferences. For instance, in cultures where sweet foods are a staple or often used in celebrations, individuals might develop a stronger preference for them.

Early Life Exposure: We form our taste preferences during infancy and childhood. Early exposure to sugary food items can lead to a preference for such tastes later in life. Breastfeeding patterns, the timing of introducing solid foods, and the variety of foods offered during early childhood can all influence this.

Emotional and Psychological Factors: Emotional states like stress, sadness, or even happiness can influence food choices, often leading to increased consumption of sugary foods due to their comforting or rewarding nature. Additionally, psychological factors such as food reward sensitivity, eating disorders, and habitual behaviors can also play a role.

Economic Factors: Socioeconomic status can influence food preferences and choices. For instance, in some settings, high-calorie, sugar-rich foods are more affordable and accessible than healthier options, leading to higher consumption among lower-income groups.

Advertising: Exposure to food advertising, especially for sugary products, can significantly influence preferences and consumption patterns, particularly among children and adolescents.

Education: Awareness and education about nutrition and health can influence food choices. Individuals with higher nutrition literacy might be more likely to understand the health implications of consuming sugary foods and thus moderate their intake.

Physiological Factors: Physiological factors include individual differences in taste perception not attributed to genetic factors, such as variations in taste bud sensitivity due to age or health conditions. Additionally, hormonal changes can affect taste preferences and cravings for sugary foods.

Habit and Convenience: Lifestyle and daily routines can influence food preferences. For instance, a busy lifestyle and sleep deprivation might lead to increased consumption of convenient, often sugar-rich, processed foods.

Section Summary

While genetics play a crucial role in determining sweet taste preferences and the liking for sugary taste, these non-genetic factors are equally significant in shaping dietary habits and preferences. They offer potential intervention points for nutritional education and public health strategies to reduce excessive sugar consumption.

Healthy Ways To Satisfy Sweet Cravings

Satisfying sweet cravings in a healthy way involves choosing options low in added sugars, artificial sweeteners, and unhealthy fats. Ideally, a sweet food item, if preferred, must also contribute beneficial nutrients to your diet. Here are some healthy ways to satisfy your sweet tooth:

  1. Fresh Fruit: Nature’s candy is fruit. It is naturally sweet and provides vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Berries, apples, pears, or tropical fruits like mango and pineapple are great choices.
  2. Dark Chocolate: A piece of dark chocolate, especially at least 70% cocoa, can be a rich, satisfying way to quell a sweet craving with the added benefit of antioxidants.
  3. Greek Yogurt with Honey or Fruit: Greek yogurt is high in protein and lower in sugar than regular yogurt. Adding a bit of honey or fresh fruit can make it a deliciously sweet and healthy treat.
  4. Smoothies: Blending fruits like bananas, berries, or peaches with ice, yogurt, or milk (dairy or plant-based) can create a sweet, nutritious smoothie.
  5. Homemade Trail Mix: Combine nuts, seeds, and a small amount of dried fruit or dark chocolate chips for a satisfying, nutrient-rich snack.
  6. Baked Fruit: Baking fruits like apples or pears with a sprinkle of cinnamon can bring out their natural sweetness.
  7. Nut Butter: Spread almond or peanut butter on whole-grain toast or apple slices for a satisfyingly sweet and savory combination.
  8. Healthy Baking Substitutes: When baking, use healthier substitutes such as apple sauce, mashed bananas, or dates instead of sugar to sweeten your recipes.
  9. Frozen Grapes or Banana Slices: These can taste like bite-sized popsicles and are refreshing.
  10. Oatmeal: Sweeten your oatmeal with fruits, cinnamon, or a drizzle of honey instead of sugar.

Remember, moderation is vital, even with the healthier options. These alternatives are much better than high-sugar, high-fat sweets. But enjoy them in sensible portions.

About The LifeDNA Nutrition Report

Do you have a higher genetic likelihood for lactose intolerance or gluten sensitivity, or how well does your body metabolize caffeine? The Nutrition Report from LifeDNA offers genetically tailored nutrition insights that can help optimize your wellness. The report delves into your genetic predispositions to food intolerances and provides dietary recommendations for macro and micronutrients. 

The LifeDNA Nutrition report includes a specific analysis of Sugar Preference and preference for Sugary Drink Consumption. Get yours here.

References

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523274511
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31005972/
  3. https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-020-0787-x
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35052758/ 
  5. https://journals.lww.com/co-clinicalnutrition/fulltext/2014/07000/functional_roles_of_the_sweet_taste_receptor_in.15.aspx
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/gustducin
  7. https://hms.harvard.edu/news-events/publications-archive/brain/sugar-brain

 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

A Quick Guide To Understanding Food Intolerances

Aira on December 6, 2023

Overview

What is Food Intolerance?

Food intolerance refers to difficulty in digesting certain foods, which can lead to uncomfortable gastrointestinal symptoms. Unlike food allergies, which involve the immune system and can be life-threatening, food intolerances generally result in less severe reactions that affect digestion.

Common symptoms of food intolerance include bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, cramping, and headaches. These symptoms often occur several hours after consuming the offending food. Some of the common intolerances are lactose (found in dairy), gluten (present in wheat and other grains), and histamine (in certain fermented foods). Unlike allergies, which start due to the consumption of tiny amounts of the allergen, food intolerances often depend on the quantity consumed and can vary over time.

Food Intolerances

How To Test For Food Intolerance?

Testing for food intolerance typically involves elimination diets and symptom tracking. An elimination diet requires removing suspected foods from the diet for a certain period, usually a few weeks, and then gradually reintroducing them while monitoring for symptoms. If symptoms reappear upon reintroducing a food, it might indicate an intolerance.

Additionally, specific medical tests can assist in identifying intolerances, such as lactose intolerance tests, breath tests for fructose malabsorption, and blood tests for celiac disease (which is an immune reaction to gluten but often grouped with food intolerances). However, it is essential to note that many commercial food intolerance tests that are available online lack scientific validation.

Can a Gastroenterologist Test for Food Intolerance?

A gastroenterologist can test for certain types of food intolerances. For example, they can administer breath tests to diagnose lactose or fructose intolerance and perform endoscopic procedures to diagnose conditions like celiac disease. However, for many food intolerances, there are no reliable clinical tests. So, a gastroenterologist may primarily focus on ruling out other gastrointestinal conditions and recommend dietary strategies for identifying intolerances.

What Happens if You Keep Eating Foods You are Intolerant to?

Consistently consuming food you are intolerant to can lead to chronic symptoms like diarrhea, constipation, and bloating. It can impact your overall quality of life. In some cases, it may also cause inflammation and irritation in the digestive system, potentially leading to more severe health issues, such as nutrient deficiencies or worsened gastrointestinal disorders.

What is The Difference Between Food Allergy and Food Intolerance?

Food allergies and food intolerances are often confused. But they are different. A food allergy triggers an immune system response that can affect multiple organs and be life-threatening (via anaphylaxis). In contrast, food intolerance is generally limited to digestive problems and is not life-threatening. Food allergies can start due to a tiny amount of the allergen and can develop at any age, whereas food intolerances often depend on the dose and may vary over time.

Can You Develop Food Intolerance Later in Life?

Yes, you can develop food intolerances later in life. It can be due to changes in your digestive system, such as a decrease in certain digestive enzymes (like lactase, which breaks down lactose). Age, changes in gut bacteria, and certain gastrointestinal diseases can also lead to the development of food intolerances.

Types Of Food Intolerances

Food intolerances come in various forms, each characterized by the inability to digest or react appropriately to specific food components. Unlike food allergies, which involve an immune response and can be severe or life-threatening, food intolerances typically cause uncomfortable digestive symptoms. Here are several common types:

  • Lactose Intolerance
  • Gluten Sensitivity
  • Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
  • Histamine Intolerance
  • FODMAP Intolerance
  • Additive Sensitivity
  • Amine Intolerance
  • Salicylate Sensitivity
  • Carbohydrate Intolerance
  • Alcohol Intolerance

Genetics Of Food Intolerances

Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance is due to lactase deficiency.  Lactase is an enzyme needed to digest lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy products. Symptoms include bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

The critical genetic aspect of lactose intolerance revolves around lactase persistence and non-persistence. Lactase persistence refers to the continued activity of the lactase enzyme into adulthood, allowing for the digestion of lactose.

Lactase non-persistence leads to lactose intolerance. The LCT gene encodes the lactase enzyme, and variations in this gene, particularly in the regulatory region upstream of the LCT gene, regulate lactase expression. The persistence or non-persistence trait depends on which alleles (gene variants) one inherits.

We have gone into much more detail about this gene and several other genes in our article, “Genetics of Lactose Intolerance.” You can read it here.

What Foods To Avoid if You Are Lactose Intolerant?

If you are lactose intolerant, it is essential to avoid foods containing lactose. It primarily includes dairy products like milk, cheese, yogurt, and ice cream. Some processed foods may also contain lactose as an additive, so reading labels is crucial. Lactase enzyme supplements are available to help digest lactose and may allow for small amounts of dairy in the diet.

Gluten Sensitivity

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity is different from celiac disease (an autoimmune disorder). Non-celiac gluten sensitivity causes bloating, abdominal discomfort, and fatigue due to consumption of gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

While not as strongly genetically linked as in celiac disease, specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes may play a role in gluten sensitivity. These genes are involved in immune system regulation and could contribute to our reaction to gluten. 

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) is a severe genetic disorder affecting the body’s ability to metabolize fructose, a sugar found in fruits, some vegetables, and honey. HFI follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

In cases where both parents are carriers of a pathogenic ALDOB gene variant (heterozygous), there is a 25% chance that a child will have HFI, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier (having one pathogenic variant), and a 25% chance of not inheriting any pathogenic variant from the parents. It means that while each child has a risk of developing HFI, they also may be a carrier or completely unaffected genetically.

Histamine Intolerance

It occurs when the body cannot break down histamine, a compound in aged and fermented foods. It gives way to symptoms such as headaches, hives, digestive issues, and a runny nose.

The genetics of histamine intolerance are complex and involve multiple genes that influence the body’s ability to metabolize and respond to histamine. A few genes are responsible for producing enzymes involved in histamine metabolism.

For example, diamine oxidase (DAO), an enzyme synthesized in the intestines, helps metabolize histamine in foods. The AOC1 gene influences its production. Variations within the AOC1 gene can lead to differences in DAO production levels, affecting the efficiency of the enzyme in breaking down histamine.

FODMAP Intolerance

FODMAPs (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols) are specific carbohydrates in some fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. People with IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) often find relief by following a low-FODMAP diet.

While no specific gene causes FODMAP intolerance, it may influence an individual’s susceptibility to IBS and similar gastrointestinal conditions, which affects how one tolerates FODMAPs. 

Twin and family studies have shown that IBS has a heritable component, with heritability estimates ranging from 0 to 57%. A notable study by the Mayo Clinic involving sequencing of the SCN5A gene in 584 IBS patients and 1,380 controls revealed that 2.2% of IBS patients had functionally harmful mutations in the SCN5A gene, which were absent in controls. This gene encodes the NaV1.5 ion channel crucial for gut function. The mutations, mainly resulting in loss of function and often linked to constipation-predominant IBS, highlight the genetic basis of IBS.

A severe case of IBS-C, with an SCN5A loss-of-function mutation, was effectively treated with mexiletine, which is a drug that restores NaV1.5 channel function. These findings suggest that both rare mutations and common variants could contribute to IBS. However, more large-scale genetic research on IBS is needed to uncover more genetic factors.

Alcohol Intolerance

Alcohol intolerance happens due to a genetic condition where the body cannot break down alcohol efficiently, leading to flushing, nausea, and rapid heartbeat.

Alcohol intolerance is predominantly influenced by genetic factors, particularly by variations in enzymes involved in alcohol breakdown. The key enzymes (entities that help speed up chemical reactions) are alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).

Genetic variations, especially in the ALDH2 gene, can lead to an inefficient breakdown of acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism. This inefficiency, associated with certain genetic variants,  is prevalent in East Asian populations and results in symptoms like flushing, nausea, and rapid heartbeat after alcohol consumption.

Can Genetic Testing Predict Food Intolerances?

Genetic testing for food intolerances involves analyzing specific genes that influence the body’s ability to process and tolerate certain foods. This type of testing can be helpful for conditions with a known genetic basis, such as lactose intolerance and alcohol intolerance. In the case of lactose intolerance, testing can identify variants in the LCT gene responsible for lactase enzyme production.

However, it is essential to note that the genetic component for many food intolerances is complex and not fully understood, making genetic testing less definitive. We should interpret the test results cautiously and in conjunction with clinical assessments and dietary trials.

Non-Genetic Factors Influencing Food Intolerance

Non-genetic factors play a significant role in the development and severity of food intolerances. These factors include:

  • Gut Microbiome: The composition of gut bacteria can influence the digestion and absorption of certain foods. Imbalances in the gut microbiota may exacerbate food intolerances.
  • Enzyme Deficiencies: Deficiencies in digestive enzymes, not caused by genetic factors, can lead to intolerances. For example, temporary lactase deficiency can occur due to a gastrointestinal infection.
  • Age: The body’s ability to digest certain foods can change due to age. It often leads to increased food intolerances in older adults.
  • Dietary Habits: Frequent consumption of certain foods can sometimes overwhelm the digestive system, leading to intolerance.
  • Gastrointestinal Diseases: Conditions like IBS can affect how the body processes certain foods, leading to intolerances.
  • Stress and Psychological Factors: Stress and emotional well-being can impact gut health and digestion, potentially contributing to food intolerances.
  • Food Processing and Additives: Certain food processing methods and additives can make foods difficult to digest or trigger intolerances.
  • Environmental Factors: Factors like pollution and exposure to toxins can impact gut health and digestion.

References

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333439/
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10288193/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056499/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096335/
  5. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2016
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860432/ 
  7. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/elimination-diet/

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

How Do Genes Influence Your Vitamin C Needs?

Aira on December 4, 2023

Overview

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential water-soluble nutrient and powerful antioxidant. It plays a crucial role in several bodily functions:

Immune Function 

Vitamin C supports the immune system by stimulating the production and function of white blood cells and acting as an antioxidant.

Collagen Synthesis

Vitamin C is vital for collagen synthesis, healthy skin, wound healing, and maintaining the integrity of connective tissues.

Antioxidant Function

As an antioxidant, vitamin C helps combat free radicals in the body, reducing oxidative stress and potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases.

Iron Absorption 

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of non-heme iron, the form of iron found in plant-based foods, which is critical for preventing anemia among vegetarians.

The recommended daily intake of vitamin C is 90mg for men and  75 mg per day for women. However, for women, the need increases to 85 mg during pregnancy and 120 mg while breastfeeding.

While vitamin C is generally safe, excessive intake (usually from supplements, not food) can lead to adverse effects like diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. The upper limit for adults is 2,000 mg per day. Taking too much over a prolonged period can lead to more health issues.

Vitamin C intake depends on age, sex, and specific health conditions. Adhering to the recommended dietary allowances through a balanced diet or standard supplements is sufficient and safe.

Vitamin C

Genetics Of Vitamin C Needs

Before we get into the genetics of vitamin C status, it is essential to understand how the body absorbs it. 

Vitamin C absorption in the body primarily occurs in the small intestine through a mechanism involving sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCT1 and SVCT2). SVCT1, located in the small intestine, is responsible for the uptake of vitamin C from dietary sources. Once absorbed, vitamin C moves via the bloodstream to various tissues, where SVCT2 aids cell uptake.

The body regulates vitamin C absorption, and its efficiency can decrease as intake increases, meaning that very high doses are not effectively absorbed. Excess vitamin C gets excreted in the urine.

Genetics in Vitamin C Bioavailability

SLC23A1

The SLC23A1 gene encodes the SVCT1 protein. Predominantly located in the epithelial cells of the small intestine and kidneys, SVCT1 plays a vital role in absorbing vitamin C from dietary sources and reabsorbing it from the kidneys, thus regulating its levels in the body.

In 2010, a two-stage study evaluated the connection between genetic variations in the SLC23A1 gene and the levels of l-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the bloodstream. The first stage used the British Women’s Heart and Health Study as the discovery cohort, followed by a series of follow-up cohorts. The second stage was a meta-analysis that included a total of 15,087 participants. 

The study found that a specific genetic variant, rs33972313 (C/T), located in the SLC23A1 gene (which encodes a vitamin C transporter), is associated with lower levels of l-ascorbic acid in the blood. Each additional copy of the minor allele (T) was linked to a decrease in l-ascorbic acid levels by approximately 5.98 μmol/L.

The significance of the rs33972313 variant in plasma vitamin C levels was further confirmed in a 2021 GWAS.

SLC23A2

The SLC23A2 gene encodes the SVCT2 protein. This transporter is expressed in almost all body tissues, particularly in areas with high metabolic activity, like the brain, eyes, and adrenal glands. SVCT2 ensures the delivery of vitamin C to these essential tissues, supporting its role in antioxidant protection and enzyme function.

In a 2011 case-control study conducted in the Mediterranean population, researchers identified a significant association between the rs1279386 (A>G) SNP in the SLC23A2 gene and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

In their analysis, individuals homozygous for the G allele (GG) showed a higher risk of developing POAG when compared to other genotypes. Additionally, the study found that POAG patients generally had lower plasma vitamin C levels than control subjects.

Other Genes

In a 2021 GWAS, the researchers found a significant genetic association involving the SLC23A3 gene on chromosome 2. This gene encodes the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 3 (SVCT3), which is part of the same transporter family as SLC23A1. The SNP rs13028225 displayed a strong association with plasma vitamin C levels.

SVCT3 has a largely unknown functional role. However, existing evidence indicates that SVCT3 is primarily expressed in the kidneys. It suggests that genetic variations in SLC23A3 could influence circulating vitamin C levels by impacting renal function and consequently affecting vitamin C reabsorption in the kidneys.

The study also uncovered other candidate SNPs affecting vitamin C levels:

  1. RER1: The rs6693447 variant in the RER1 gene, encoding the retention in endoplasmic reticulum sorting receptor 1, showed a significant association with vitamin C metabolism.
  2. GSTA5: The rs7740812 variant in the GSTA5 gene, encoding glutathione S-transferase α 5.
  3. SNRPF: The rs117885456 variant in the SNRPF gene, encoding small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide F.
  4. CHPT1: The variant rs2559850 in the CHPT1 gene encodes choline phosphotransferase 1.
  5. BCAS3: The rs9895661 variant in the BCAS3 gene, encoding microtubule-associated cell migration factor.

Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Vitamin C Levels

Diet: We get vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, with some of the richest sources being citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, bell peppers, and dark green leafy vegetables like kale and spinach. Notably, the vitamin C content in food can be reduced by prolonged storage and cooking, as vitamin C is water-soluble and sensitive to heat. Eating fresh and minimally cooked fruits and vegetables maximizes vitamin C intake.

Age and Gender: Vitamin C requirements vary across different ages and genders. For instance, infants have lower needs, while pregnant and breastfeeding women require higher amounts. Men generally require slightly more vitamin C than women. As people age, their ability to absorb vitamin C can decrease, potentially increasing their need for this nutrient.

Lifestyle Habits: Smoking significantly increases oxidative stress and metabolic demand for antioxidants. Hence, smokers require more vitamin C than non-smokers. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption can impair the body’s ability to absorb and store vitamin C. It leads to reduced vitamin C levels.

Health Conditions: Certain illnesses, particularly those causing inflammation or fever, can increase the body’s need for vitamin C. Stress, both physical and emotional, elevates cortisol levels, which can deplete vitamin C stores. Chronic conditions, like diabetes and heart disease, may also increase the demand for vitamin C due to heightened oxidative stress.

Medications: Some medications, including certain types of birth control and aspirin, can lower vitamin C levels in the body. Diuretics, used for high blood pressure, increase the excretion of vitamin C, potentially leading to lower levels.

Environmental Factors: Exposure to pollutants and toxins, such as cigarette smoke (even second-hand) and heavy metals, can increase oxidative stress in the body, thereby increasing the need for vitamin C. Urban environments with higher pollution levels might contribute to a greater demand for antioxidants, including vitamin C, compared to less polluted areas.

Recommendations To Improve Vitamin C Levels

To improve vitamin C levels, consider these recommendations:

  1. Increase Dietary Intake: Incorporate a variety of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C into your diet. Citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach are excellent sources.
  2. Opt for Raw or Lightly Cooked Foods: Since vitamin C is sensitive to heat, light, and air, eat fruits and vegetables raw or cook them lightly to preserve their vitamin C content.
  3. Regular Supplementation: If dietary intake is insufficient, consider vitamin C supplements. It’s essential to stick to the recommended dosages unless advised otherwise by a healthcare provider.
  4. Quit Smoking: Smoking significantly depletes vitamin C levels. Quitting smoking can help improve these levels. Smokers generally require higher amounts of vitamin C.
  5. Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol can impair vitamin C absorption. Moderating alcohol intake can help maintain adequate vitamin C levels.
  6. Manage Stress: Chronic stress can deplete vitamin C levels. Doing stress-reducing activities like exercise, meditation, or hobbies can be beneficial.
  7. Regular Health Check-ups: Some health conditions and medications can affect Vitamin C levels. Regular check-ups can help manage these factors effectively.
  8. Awareness of Environmental Factors: Be mindful of environmental pollutants and minimize exposure. You may want to consider using air purifiers, face masks, and ensuring adequate ventilation.

References

  1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-c/art-20363932#:~:text=Vitamin%20C%20is%20an%20antioxidant,X%2Drays%20or%20other%20sources.
  2. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-c/#:~:text=RDA%3A%20The%20Recommended%20Dietary%20Allowance,RDA%20is%20suggested%20for%20smokers.
  3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523019160
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7783939/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236071/
  6. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

What is Whole Genome Sequencing, And Do You Need It?

Aira on December 4, 2023

What is Whole Genome Sequencing?

Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is a method for analyzing the entire genetic makeup of an organism. WGS uses advanced technology to read the sequence of the four basic building blocks (nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) and their pairs that make up the DNA double helix.

The process involves determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome at a single time. It includes all the genes—the coding regions (exons) that translate into proteins and the non-coding regions (introns and intergenic sequences) with regulatory and other functions.

The next step after sequencing at a laboratory is employing bioinformatics tools to piece together the sequenced DNA fragments, aligning them to a reference genome and reconstructing the individual’s complete genome.

WGS provides a detailed view of the genetic variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, deletions, and copy number variations) that can influence the organism’s development, physiology, and health.

WGS differs from other sequencing methods like whole-exome sequencing, which focuses only on the exons, and targeted gene panel testing, which looks at a specific subset of genes.

While all these methods have their optimal uses, WGS offers the most comprehensive genetic analysis, making it a powerful tool for research, medical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.

whole genome sequencing

The Fascinating Evolution Of WGS

WGS has evolved rapidly since its inception, transforming our understanding of genetics and revolutionizing numerous fields. Its history begins in the 1970s and 1980s with foundational developments in DNA sequencing technology. Frederick Sanger’s introduction of the Sanger method in 1977 was pivotal, allowing for the sequencing of longer DNA strands and setting the stage for future advancements.

The most significant milestone in the history of WGS was the Human Genome Project (HGP), an ambitious international effort launched in 1990 to sequence the entire human genome.

This monumental project, completed in 2003, took 13 years and approximately $3 billion, marking the first time a complete human genome was sequenced. The HGP used Sanger sequencing and proved that sequencing an entire genome was possible, albeit time-consuming and expensive. The story of this project makes for a fascinating read. 

Following the HGP, the development and refinement of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in the mid-2000s drastically changed the landscape of genome sequencing.

NGS techniques, such as those developed by Illumina and 454 Life Sciences, significantly reduced the time and cost required for sequencing while increasing accuracy and throughput. These advances made WGS more accessible and practical for various applications.

By the early 2010s, the cost of sequencing a human genome had dropped to around $1,000, a fraction of the original cost during the HGP. This dramatic reduction in cost and time, coupled with improvements in computational methods for data analysis, opened new doors in research, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.

Today, WGS is used not only in academic and medical research but also in clinical settings for diagnosing rare genetic disorders, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and guiding treatment decisions in fields such as oncology. It has also become a tool in public health for tracking disease outbreaks and understanding microbial genomes.

How Long Does Whole Genome Sequencing Take?

The timeframe for completing whole genome sequencing (WGS) can vary depending on several factors, including the sequencing technology used, the quality and quantity of the DNA sample, and the depth of coverage required.

With modern NGS technologies, the sequencing process can be completed in a day. NGS platforms have significantly accelerated the sequencing step, allowing for the simultaneous processing of multiple samples.

However, sequencing is just one part of the WGS process. Sample preparation, which includes DNA extraction and library preparation, can take additional time. Following sequencing, the raw data requires extensive bioinformatics analysis to assemble the sequences and identify genetic variants.

This data analysis phase can take several days to weeks, depending on the complexity of the genome and the level of detail required in the analysis.

For clinical applications, where time is often critical, rapid WGS methods have been developed that can provide results in as little as one to two days. These quick approaches are particularly valuable in acute care settings, such as neonatal intensive care units, where timely genetic information can be crucial for diagnosis and treatment decisions.

In a research context, where the focus may be more on comprehensive analysis than on speed, the entire process, from sample collection to final report, can take several weeks or even months.

What Can Whole Genome Sequencing Detect?

WGS can detect genetic variations and abnormalities affecting an individual’s health, traits, and ancestry. The following are crucial types of genetic information that WGS can uncover:

  • Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs): These are the most common type of genetic variation, where a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome is altered
  • Insertions and Deletions (Indels): Small insertions or deletions of a few nucleotides in the DNA sequence
  • Copy Number Variations (CNVs): Variations in the number of copies of a particular gene or region of the genome
  • Structural Variations: Large rearrangements in the genome including inversions, translocations, or large insertions and deletions
  • Chromosomal Abnormalities: Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, such as trisomies or monosomies
  • Mitochondrial DNA Variations: Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA can be relevant for certain inherited diseases
  • Epigenetic Changes: While WGS primarily focuses on the DNA sequence, it can indirectly provide insights into epigenetic modifications by analyzing certain genomic features.

WGS is particularly valuable in identifying rare genetic disorders, characterizing cancers, and understanding complex diseases involving multiple genetic factors. WGS is useful for pharmacogenomics, which studies how genes affect one’s drug response, and for personal genome analysis to understand ancestry and inherited traits.

What is Whole Genome Sequencing Used For?

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is employed in a variety of fields, reflecting its comprehensive nature and ability to provide detailed genetic information:

  • Medical Diagnosis: WGS is instrumental in diagnosing genetic disorders, especially rare or unknown diseases. It can identify mutations that cause or predispose individuals to diseases, allowing for personalized treatment plans.
  • Cancer Research: In oncology, WGS helps identify specific mutations and structural changes in cancer cells, facilitating targeted therapy and understanding drug resistance mechanisms
  • Pharmacogenomics: WGS informs how genetic variations affect individual responses to medications, enabling personalized medicine and reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions
  • Research and Discovery: Scientists use WGS to study genetic diversity, understand evolutionary biology, and discover new genes associated with diseases or traits
  • Public Health and Epidemiology: In infectious disease outbreaks, sequencing the genomes of pathogens like viruses and bacteria can track their spread and evolution
  • Prenatal and Newborn Screening: WGS is increasingly used in prenatal testing and newborn screening to detect genetic disorders early in life

As WGS technology continues to evolve and become more accessible, its applications are likely to expand further, offering even more insights into human health, disease, and history.

How Much Does Whole Genome Sequencing Cost?

The cost of WGS has witnessed a dramatic reduction since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, where sequencing an entire human genome cost about $3 billion. The price can vary widely depending on the context and purpose of the sequencing.

This 2018 systematic review analyzed 36 studies that explored the application of whole exome sequencing (WES) and WGS in clinical settings, primarily for neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. These studies showed significant variation in the cost of testing ($555 to $5,169 for WES and $1,906 to $24,810 for WGS).

The cost can be higher in a research or clinical setting due to the need for more rigorous data analysis, interpretation, and potentially more extensive coverage or deeper sequencing. Institutional projects may include overhead costs like equipment, labor, and infrastructure.

It’s important to note that the cost of sequencing alone is just one part of the equation. The subsequent data analysis, which can be complex and labor-intensive, contributes significantly to the overall cost.

Fortunately, as technology advances and becomes more accessible, prices are expected to decrease, making WGS more available to a broader population.

Recent Research Developments In WGS

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

A 2022 review discusses the role of NGS in predicting resistance for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. The review presents descriptive analysis research describing the potential of WGS to accelerate the delivery of individualized care and the role of targeted sequencing for resistance detection.

It highlights challenges in the widespread introduction of new drugs without standardized drug susceptibility testing, leading to the rapid emergence of drug resistance. It also suggests combining genotypic and phenotypic techniques to monitor treatment response and curb emerging resistance. Read the full article here.

Advancements in NGS Technology

A review published in July this year (2023) provides an overview of the evolution of NGS technologies and their impact on genomics research. The study also delves into the challenges and future directions of NGS technology. It includes efforts to enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of sequencing data. It further showcases the development of more efficient, scalable, and cost-effective solutions. Read the full article here.

Do You Need To Get Your Genome Sequenced?

WGS is optional. Its relevance and utility depend on specific personal, medical, and research contexts. Here’s a breakdown to better understand when WGS is a necessity and when it’s not:

When WGS Might Be Necessary

Diagnosing Complex Genetic Conditions

In cases where patients present with complex, undiagnosed symptoms that suggest a genetic origin, WGS can be essential for identifying rare genetic disorders.

Cancer Treatment and Research

For certain types of cancer, WGS can provide crucial insights into the genetic mutations driving the cancer, which can guide targeted therapy decisions.

Pharmacogenetics

When understanding an individual’s genetic makeup can significantly influence the choice and dosage of medications, WGS can be necessary to prevent adverse drug reactions or ensure efficacy.

Rare Disease Research

In the context of research, particularly for rare diseases, WGS is often necessary to understand the genetic underpinnings of these conditions.

When WGS Is Not Necessarily Required

Routine Medical Care

For standard medical care and check-ups, WGS is not a routine necessity. Most common conditions and diseases are diagnosed and treated without needing WGS.

General Health Information

Less comprehensive or targeted genetic testing might be sufficient for individuals seeking general health information or minor genetic insights (like trait analysis).

Ancestry and Genealogy

Specific ancestry-focused genetic tests, less comprehensive and costly than WGS, are usually adequate for those interested in ancestry and family history.

References

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/whole-genome-sequencing
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36655445/
  3. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/human-genome-project-1990-2003
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6926122/ 
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3841808/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283791/
  7. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230210-the-man-whose-genome-you-can-read-end-to-end
  8. https://www.nature.com/articles/gim2017247
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35401475/ 
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508427/ 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Understanding the Genetics Behind Your Glomerular Filtration Rate

Aira on December 1, 2023

Overview

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

If you’ve ever had your blood drawn for tests, you would have noticed many components in the results. One of them is your body’s (estimated) glomerular filtration rate or eGFR. Glomerular filtration is a fundamental process within the human kidneys, playing a crucial role in the body’s ability to regulate fluid balance and eliminate waste products. 

Situated in the renal corpuscle, the glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels tasked with filtering the blood to form urine. This filtration process, driven by the pressure gradient across the glomerular capillaries, allows essential substances like water, electrolytes, and small molecules to pass through the filtration barrier while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells.

Fundamentally, glomerular filtration is an intricately calibrated system that preserves homeostasis by guaranteeing the removal of metabolic waste products without jeopardizing essential elements required for physiological processes. One of the most important markers of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures the amount of fluid filtered by the glomerulus in a given amount of time. 

Since differences in the genes linked to this process can affect an individual’s vulnerability to kidney disorders, understanding the genetic foundations of glomerular filtration has become a focus of nephrology studies.

Glomerular filtration is essentially the cornerstone of kidney function, demonstrating the complex interactions between filtration barriers, blood arteries, and genetic factors in the coordination of this essential physiological function.

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Why is Glomerular Filtration Important?

The preservation of the body’s internal environment and general health depend critically on glomerular filtration. This process, which takes place in the kidneys and is the main means of eliminating waste and regulating fluid balance, is essential in preventing the build-up of toxic compounds in the blood. 

Glomerular filtration maintains the body’s delicate balance by allowing just those vital elements—water, electrolytes, and tiny molecules—to flow through while trapping larger molecules and cells.

One important metric for evaluating renal function is the GFR. When the GFR deviates from the normal range, it may be a sign of possible kidney disease. This information can help with early renal problem identification and prompt action. Moreover, individual differences in kidney function and susceptibility to renal disorders are influenced by the hereditary components of glomerular filtration. 

Comprehending these hereditary foundations is essential for customizing therapeutic strategies and creating focused treatments, ultimately improving our capacity to treat and avoid kidney-related illnesses.

What Affects Glomerular Filtration Rate?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is influenced by various factors, including blood pressure, blood volume, and the permeability of the filtration barrier. Conditions such as hypertension can alter the pressure within the glomerular capillaries, impacting GFR. Changes in blood volume affect the rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys. 

Additionally, alterations in the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, influenced by factors like inflammation, can impact GFR. Hormonal regulation, especially through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, also plays a crucial role. 

Genetic Factors

Genetic markers associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) provide valuable insights into the individual variability in kidney function and susceptibility to renal diseases.

Several genetic factors contribute to the regulation of GFR, influencing the efficiency of the glomerular filtration process. While the genetic landscape of GFR is complex and involves numerous genes, some key markers have been identified through research.

SHROOM3 Gene

The SHROOM3 gene is involved in the regulation of cell shape and structure. Genetic variants in SHROOM3, such as the SNP rs17319721, have been linked to an increased risk of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and reduced GFR. This gene is thought to play a role in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier and overall kidney function.

APOL1 Gene

The APOL1 gene has been implicated in kidney disease susceptibility. Variants in this gene are associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). These variants may impact the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, influencing GFR.

UMOD Gene

The UMOD gene encodes uromodulin, a protein expressed in the kidneys. Uromodulin plays a role in regulating water and electrolyte balance. Genetic variations (such as SNP rs11864909) in UMOD have been linked to changes in GFR. Certain UMOD mutations are associated with a higher risk of CKD, emphasizing the gene’s relevance to kidney function.

EGFR Gene

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is involved in cell growth and differentiation. Variations in this gene have been linked to changes in GFR, impacting renal function. EGF is part of the complex interplay of growth factors influencing the maintenance of glomerular structure and function.

NOS3 Gene

Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) produces nitric oxide, a molecule involved in blood vessel dilation. Genetic variations in NOS3 have been associated with endothelial dysfunction and altered renal blood flow, potentially impacting GFR. Dysfunction in nitric oxide signaling can contribute to the development of renal disorders.

LifeDNA’s GFR Genetic Markers

A study with 432 participants with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) identified eight gene variants (SNPs) linked to CKD risk, including CX3CR1, MTTP, PIP5K1B, APOA5, BRAP, SPATA5L1, and MCP1. Notably, specific SNPs in BRAP and SPATA5L1 were significantly associated with the eGFR. Furthermore, a genetic risk score (GRS) using the 8 SNPs was developed, and it could indicate up to a 17% higher risk for CKD. 

Understanding genetic factors for GFR and CKD is crucial for personalized medicine and targeted interventions in the realm of nephrology. Genetic testing and research continue to unveil the intricate relationship between genetic variants and renal function, paving the way for advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of kidney diseases.

Environmental Factors

Numerous non-genetic factors can affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a crucial measure of kidney function. The intricate interplay of physiological systems that control renal function can also be influenced by these extrinsic factors. For the purpose of understanding kidney health and developing strategies to maintain optimal filtration rates, it is imperative to appreciate how environmental influences affect GFR.

Hydration Status

Drinking adequate amounts of water is essential to preserving GFR. Dehydration can cause blood volume to drop and blood viscosity to rise, which can change the pressure inside glomerular capillaries. This pressure change might affect the rate of filtration, which highlights how crucial it is to stay properly hydrated for the best possible kidney function.

Blood Pressure

Systemic blood pressure is a major factor in the control of GFR. Over time, glomerular capillaries may sustain damage from hypertension, or high blood pressure, which could result in a reduction in GFR. On the other hand, decreased blood pressure can lower the glomerulus’s filtration pressure, which would be detrimental to GFR.

Blood Glucose Levels

High blood sugar, which is a symptom of diabetes, can affect GFR and cause renal injury. Reduced GFR is frequently caused by diabetic nephropathy, a kidney condition associated with diabetes. Maintaining blood glucose control is essential for avoiding problems associated with diabetes, such as reduced kidney function.

Medications and Toxins

Nephrotoxic effects can be caused by some drugs and environmental pollutants, which can affect GFR directly. Substances that can impair renal function include exposure to heavy metals, some medicines, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). Maintaining GFR requires reducing exposure to nephrotoxic chemicals and being aware of the negative effects of medications.

Dietary Habits

Dietary choices influence GFR through their impact on blood pressure and metabolic factors. High-sodium diets can contribute to hypertension, affecting GFR. Additionally, excessive protein intake may increase the glomerular filtration load, potentially straining the kidneys over time.

Physical Activity

Frequent exercise is linked to cardiovascular health, which has an impact on GFR. Exercise supports good kidney function by promoting healthy blood pressure and cardiovascular health in general. Dehydration can result from strenuous physical activity without adequate hydration, which may have an impact on GFR.

Infections and Inflammation

Infections and inflammatory conditions can affect GFR by triggering immune responses and altering the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier. Inflammatory kidney conditions, such as glomerulonephritis, can lead to decreased GFR.

Temperature and Climate

Environmental temperature can impact fluid balance and, consequently, GFR. Extreme heat can lead to increased fluid loss through sweating, potentially causing dehydration and affecting renal blood flow.

Altitude

Changes in altitude can influence oxygen levels in the blood and systemic blood pressure, which may impact GFR. Individuals living at higher altitudes may experience adaptations in renal function to compensate for lower oxygen levels.

Stress

Chronic stress and the associated activation of the sympathetic nervous system can lead to changes in blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance, potentially affecting GFR. Stress management strategies are crucial for overall health, including kidney function.

Numerous environmental and lifestyle factors that impact general health and well-being can have an impact on the eGFR. Maintaining kidney function and stopping the onset or progression of renal diseases need effective management of these outside factors.

Maintaining optimal GFR requires a comprehensive approach to health that includes blood pressure management, a balanced diet, lifestyle choices, and adequate hydration.

Is the Glomerular Filtration Rate Reversible?

Although some elements that affect GFR, including blood pressure fluctuations or dehydration, can be corrected with the right treatments, the GFR itself cannot be changed.

Dehydration is one of the factors that might cause a transient drop in GFR because it changes the filtration pressure and blood volume. Rehydrating and treating the underlying cause are frequently sufficient to return GFR to normal. Similar to this, some drugs or lifestyle modifications may have a favorable effect on GFR.

However, structural damage to the kidneys in situations of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or other persistent renal diseases may result in a persistent decline in GFR that is not entirely reversible. In these situations, the main goals of treatment are usually to control the underlying illness, reduce the rate at which the disease progresses, and treat the symptoms.

Some influences on GFR are reversible through appropriate measures but the overall GFR is a dynamic parameter influenced by various factors, and its reversibility depends on the underlying cause and the extent of structural damage to the kidneys.

Ways to Maintain Good Glomerular Filtration Rate

Maintaining a healthy Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is essential for kidney function and overall well-being. While individual factors can vary, there are several lifestyle modifications and habits that may contribute to improving GFR and supporting optimal kidney health.

Hydration

Adequate hydration is crucial for optimal kidney function. Staying well-hydrated helps maintain blood volume and supports the kidneys in efficiently filtering waste products. Water intake should be adjusted based on individual needs, considering factors like climate, physical activity, and overall health.

Balanced Diet

Adopting a balanced and nutrient-rich diet is vital for kidney health. Focus on consuming a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Limit salt intake, as excessive sodium can contribute to hypertension and impact GFR. Additionally, moderate protein intake is recommended, as very high protein diets may strain the kidneys.

Regular Physical Activity

Engaging in regular exercise contributes to cardiovascular health and helps maintain optimal blood pressure levels. Cardiovascular activities, such as walking, jogging, or swimming, can support overall kidney function. However, intense and prolonged exercise without adequate hydration should be avoided to prevent dehydration-related stress on the kidneys.

Control Blood Pressure

Hypertension is a significant risk factor for kidney disease and reduced GFR. Monitoring and controlling blood pressure within the recommended range can help preserve kidney function. Lifestyle modifications, including a low-sodium diet, regular exercise, and stress management, are effective in managing blood pressure.

Manage Blood Sugar Levels

It’s critical for diabetics to keep their blood sugar levels steady. Diabetic nephropathy, a disorder that can eventually deteriorate kidney function, is a result of uncontrolled diabetes. To manage diabetes and maintain kidney health, lifestyle changes, medication adherence, and regular blood sugar testing are crucial.

Avoid Nephrotoxic Substances

Certain medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antibiotics, and excessive use of certain other over-the-counter medications, can have nephrotoxic effects. It’s crucial to use medications as directed by healthcare professionals and avoid unnecessary exposure to substances that may harm kidney function.

Quit Smoking

Smoking has been linked to a higher risk of kidney disease and can contribute to the progression of existing renal conditions. Quitting smoking is a positive step toward improving overall kidney health and preserving GFR.

Limit Alcohol Intake

Excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to high blood pressure and liver disease, both of which can impact kidney function. Moderating alcohol intake supports overall health and kidney function.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Being overweight is associated with an increased risk of kidney disease. Adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and regular physical activity can help achieve and maintain a healthy weight, reducing the risk of kidney-related complications.

Regular Health Check-ups

Regular monitoring of kidney function through routine health check-ups, including blood tests to assess GFR and other kidney markers, allows for early detection of potential issues. Timely intervention can help manage and slow the progression of kidney disease.

Adopting a holistic approach to health that includes hydration, a balanced diet, regular exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices is instrumental in supporting and potentially improving your Glomerular Filtration Rate. Individualized recommendations should be discussed with healthcare professionals based on personal health conditions and needs.

LifeDNA’s Glomerular Filtration Rate Report

Unlock the secrets to your kidney health with LifeDNA’s Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Report. Our comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into your kidney function, helping you understand and optimize your overall well-being. 

Discover personalized recommendations to support a healthy GFR, backed up by cutting-edge genetic insights. But that’s not all – elevate your wellness journey with LifeDNA’s complete Vitamins & Supplements Report. Dive deep into the intricacies of your nutritional needs and explore tailored recommendations for a healthier, more vibrant you. 

Don’t miss out on our informative reads like the genetics of Vitamin K and Vitamin A for additional wellness wisdom. Take control of your wellness today and embark on a journey to a healthier, more informed lifestyle. Start with LifeDNA today. 

Summary

  • The glomerulus, a network of microscopic blood arteries located in the renal corpuscle, is responsible for filtering blood to create urine.
  • An essential function of the kidneys in humans is glomerular filtration, which is vital to the body’s capacity to control fluid balance and get rid of waste.  
  • The amount of fluid filtered by the glomerulus in a specific amount of time is measured by the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. 
  • Glomerular filtration traps larger molecules and cells while permitting just certain elements—water, electrolytes, and small molecules—to pass through, preserving the body’s delicate equilibrium.
  • Genetic indicators linked to glomerular filtration rates (GFR) offer important insights into the variation in kidney function and the vulnerability of the kidneys to various illnesses. External factors can potentially impact the complex interaction of physiological systems that govern renal function.
  • A holistic approach to health, incorporating blood pressure management, a balanced diet, lifestyle choices, and appropriate hydration, is necessary to maintain healthy GFR.

References

  1. https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/a/renal-physiology-glomerular-filtration#:~:text=What%20is%20glomerular%20filtration%3F,be%20eliminated%20from%20your%20body.
  2. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/glomerular-filtration-rate#:~:text=Definition,through%20the%20glomeruli%20each%20minute.
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4317173/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6002812/#:~:text=Decline%20in%20kidney%20function%20measured,steeper%20after%20development%20of%20albuminuria.
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34828293/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535213/
  7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6533959/
  8. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185476
  9. https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-020-1686-2#:~:text=In%20this%20population%2Dbased%20study,were%20associated%20with%20lower%20GFR.
  10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553144/
  11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/ultrafiltration
  12. https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-disease/can-gfr-be-improved#about-gfr
  13. https://www.upmc.com/services/transplant/kidney-pancreas/glomerular-filtration-rate-calculator

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

 

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