Best Companies For Methylation Genetic Testing in 2025

Catherine on July 16, 2025

DNA testing kits with question marks symbolizing the best companies for methylation genetic testing in 2025

Disclaimer: Genetic information is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before making changes to your health routine, especially in response to genetic test results.

Methylation is a fundamental biochemical process that affects everything from detoxification and neurotransmitter balance to DNA repair and cardiovascular health. At the heart of this process are a group of genes responsible for producing the enzymes and cofactors that regulate methylation pathways. Variants in these genes, such as MTHFR, MTRR, COMT, and others, can influence how efficiently your body performs methylation and, in turn, affect your risk for various health conditions.

In 2025, genetic testing for methylation-related genes has become increasingly popular among clinicians and wellness-focused individuals alike. These tests offer insights into how your genetic makeup might affect folate metabolism, homocysteine levels, and your body’s ability to process environmental toxins, among other functions. While not diagnostic, they can be a valuable tool in personalized health strategies, especially when paired with nutrition, lifestyle, and supplement guidance.

In this article, we highlight the top five companies in 2025 offering methylation gene testing. These companies stand out for their scientific credibility, report quality, and ability to translate complex genetic data into meaningful, actionable insights for both healthcare providers and individuals.

LifeDNA

The LifeDNA Methylation Genes report focuses on the genes of the methylation cycle, encompassing 14 genes with roles in the methionine cycle, folate cycle as well as the transsulfuration. The report offers insights into various aspects of health and wellness.

Read the full walkthrough of our Methylation genes report

Genetic variants in these genes are prevalent, found in 30-50% of the population, indicating their common occurrence in human DNA.

​​Genes Covered in the LifeDNA Methylation Genes Report:

  • CBS: Converts homocysteine to cystathionine, aiding detoxification and glutathione production. Full analysis
  • MTHFR: Converts folate into a form needed to process homocysteine and support DNA methylation. Full analysis
  • COMT: Breaks down neurotransmitters like dopamine and epinephrine, influencing mood and stress. Full analysis
  • MTR: Uses vitamin B12 to convert homocysteine into methionine, essential for methylation. Full analysis
  • MTRR: Regenerates active B12, supporting continuous methionine production. Full analysis
  • MTHFD1: Regulates folate metabolism and helps produce DNA building blocks.
  • SHMT1: Links amino acid and folate metabolism by converting serine into glycine. Full analysis
  • VDR: Binds vitamin D and regulates genes involved in immunity and cell growth.
  • ACAT: Supports fat metabolism by converting acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA.
  • AHCY: Maintains methylation balance by recycling homocysteine and adenosine.
  • BHMT: Converts homocysteine to methionine using betaine, important for liver health.
  • MAO-A: Breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine, helping regulate neurotransmitter levels. Full analysis
  • NOS3: Produces nitric oxide to support vascular health and blood pressure regulation.
  • MAT1A: Helps create SAMe, a critical molecule for methylation, mood, and detoxification.

LifeDNA is the Best Option

LifeDNA stands out as one of the best methylation gene tests in 2025, if we may say so ourselves! We provide a balanced coverage of 30 SNPs in 14 key genes and a  strong focus on usability. The report analyzes critical variants across genes like MTHFR, COMT, CBS, MTR, MTRR, and others that impact detoxification, neurotransmitter regulation, cardiovascular health, and nutrient metabolism. By focusing on clinically relevant SNPs without overwhelming users with unnecessary data, LifeDNA strikes a smart balance between depth and clarity.

What sets LifeDNA apart is our actionable and user-friendly reports. Instead of simply listing genetic variants, we explain what we mean in the context of your well-being and offer practical guidance on diet, lifestyle, and supplementation. For example, users may receive insights into whether they need methylated B-vitamins or additional support for homocysteine clearance, making the data truly useful in everyday wellness planning.

LifeDNA also integrates your methylation profile into a broader ecosystem of wellness reports, connecting genetic insights across cognition, sleep, detoxification, mood, fitness, nutrition, and more. Combined with flexible data input options (raw data uploads or testing kits) and strong privacy controls, LifeDNA offers  comprehensive yet accessible tools for anyone looking to optimize health through personalized, science-based recommendations.

SelfDecode

Best for: Consumers and practitioners seeking science-backed, personalized health insights based on methylation genetics.

SelfDecode is a trusted name in consumer genomics. They are known for their comprehensive methylation gene panel paired with robust, AI-driven health analysis. The SelfDecode methylation test evaluates multiple variants across key genes involved in methylation pathways, such as MTHFR, MTRR, COMT, CBS, AHCY, and others. Instead of just listing your genotypes, SelfDecode provides detailed explanations of what each variant means, the potential health implications, and evidence-based recommendations tailored to your genetic profile.

Users gain insights into how their genetics may impact methylation-related functions, such as detoxification, neurotransmitter balance, cardiovascular health, and nutrient metabolism. The platform connects these genetic findings to over 250 personalized health reports, including mood, cognition, inflammation, and cardiovascular function, making it especially useful for holistic health optimization.

Read our full review of SelfDecode’s genetic offerings

SelfDecode also includes:

 

  • Actionable advice on diet, lifestyle, and supplements to support methylation pathways.
  • An option to upload existing raw data from services like 23andMe or AncestryDNA, or to purchase a DNA test kit directly from SelfDecode.
  • Data privacy features, with full control over how your genetic data is stored and used.
  • Access to professional-grade reports that are suitable for both personal use and clinical consultations.

For users seeking a comprehensive, science-based, and interpretable methylation gene test, SelfDecode remains one of the most well-rounded options in the space.

Gene Food

Best for: Individuals focused on nutrition, lifestyle, and personalized supplement strategies rooted in methylation genetics.

Gene Food offers genetic insights with practical nutrition guidance, making it especially popular among health-conscious individuals and integrative health practitioners. Their test analyzes approximately 15 well-established SNPs across critical genes involved in the methylation cycle, including MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, COMT, CBS, AHCY, and SHMT1.

Gene Food focuses on translating genetic data into personalized diet and supplement recommendations. The report connects your genotype to meaningful health traits, such as methylation efficiency, homocysteine clearance, detoxification, and neurotransmitter balance, and explains what it could mean for your dietary choices.

Read our full review of Gene Food’s genetic tests

Key features of Gene Food’s methylation analysis include:

  • Actionable nutrition guidance, including foods to prioritize or moderate based on your methylation profile (e.g., folate-rich foods).
  • Recommendations for targeted supplementation, such as methylated folate (5-MTHF), B12 (methylcobalamin), or betaine (TMG), depending on your genetic variants.
  • A clean and intuitive report format, ideal for consumers who want clarity without complexity.
  • The ability to use an existing 23andMe or AncestryDNA raw data file, or to order a kit through MGene Food’s partnership if you don’t already have one.

Similarly to LifeDNA, Gene Food integrates your methylation profile into their broader wellness ecosystem, which includes custom meal plans, lifestyle suggestions, and tailored insights for optimizing sleep, digestion, energy, and mood.

Genova Diagnostics

The Genova Methylation Panel is a comprehensive diagnostic tool designed to assess both the genetic and functional aspects of methylation. Unlike many tests that focus solely on genetics, this panel combines plasma biomarker analysis from a blood sample with optional genetic testing via buccal swab, offering a dual-layered view of how well the body’s methylation processes are functioning in real time. Results are typically available within 14 days and must be ordered by a licensed healthcare provider.

Functionally, the test measures key methylation-related metabolites such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), homocysteine, cystathionine, glutathione, choline, and betaine. These biomarkers provide insight into methylation efficiency, oxidative stress, detoxification capacity, and transsulfuration balance. Genetically, the panel evaluates common variants in genes such as MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, COMT, CBS, AHCY, BHMT, SHMT1, GNMT, and MAT1A, all of which play critical roles in regulating methylation cycles and maintaining healthy homocysteine levels.

The report includes a summary section, detailed pathway diagrams, and individualized result interpretations. Healthcare providers can find the relevant information needed to develop targeted, evidence-based interventions.

Xcode Life

Best for: Individuals with existing raw DNA data (e.g., from 23andMe, AncestryDNA) looking for a convenient, cost-effective, and science-informed methylation gene report.

Xcode Life offers a specialized Methylation Genes Report that analyzes key single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in the body’s methylation pathways. Xcode Life works by allowing users to upload raw DNA data from popular genetic testing platforms like 23andMe, AncestryDNA, or MyHeritage, making it ideal for those who already have their genotyping data.

The report covers 15+ genes integral to the methylation cycle, including:

  • MTHFR
  • COMT
  • MTR
  • MTRR
  • AHCY
  • CBS
  • BHMT
  • SHMT1
  • VDR, among others

These genes are associated with crucial physiological processes like homocysteine metabolism, neurotransmitter regulation, detoxification, cardiovascular function, and mood balance. Variants in these genes may affect how well your body performs methylation.

Takeaway

As awareness of personalized health continues to grow, methylation gene testing is emerging as a key tool for individuals and clinicians looking to optimize wellness through a deeper understanding of genetics. Whether it’s supporting detoxification, enhancing mood balance, improving cardiovascular health, or simply making smarter dietary and supplement choices, these tests offer valuable insights into how your body processes and regulates some of its most fundamental biological pathways.

The companies highlighted in this article represent some of the most trusted and innovative options available in 2025. From comprehensive panels with functional insights to affordable reports based on existing DNA data, there’s a solution for every level of need and interest. While methylation gene tests are not diagnostic, when interpreted within the right context and paired with professional guidance, they can be a powerful addition to your long-term health strategy.

Viome Review: Understanding Your Gut Microbiome

Catherine on July 14, 2025

Viome report kit for gut health testing

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

Viome is a health technology company that offers at-home testing services focused on analyzing the human microbiome and gene expression using metatranscriptomic sequencing. Founded in 2016 and based in the United States, Viome aims to provide personalized health insights by examining RNA activity in gut, oral, and blood samples. The company’s core approach involves assessing microbial function and host gene expression to generate individualized dietary, lifestyle, and supplement recommendations. While Viome’s methods are grounded in emerging research in systems biology and precision nutrition, the clinical utility of its recommendations remains an area of ongoing scientific evaluation.

What is Viome? The Science

Viome uses a systems biology-based approach that integrates metatranscriptomic RNA sequencing, human expertise, and artificial intelligence (AI) to interpret active microbial and host gene expression for personalized health insights. The company’s AI engine (nicknamed “Vi”) continuously learns from millions of molecular data points and continuously updated scientific knowledge, enabling precise health scoring and targeted recommendations across gut, oral, immune, metabolic, brain, and cellular domains.

 

Viome also underpins its platform with clinical research. More than 16,000 participants across over 20 chronic conditions (e.g., IBS, depression, type 2 diabetes) are part of the evidence-building efforts. By focusing on RNA-based functional activity Viome aims to launch advanced diagnostics and personalized interventions to support prevention, early detection, and longevity.

What Do Viome Tell You? The Tests

Full Body IntelligenceTM Test

Viome’s Full Body Intelligence Test is a comprehensive health assessment tool designed to evaluate microbiome and cellular activity using RNA sequencing and advanced computational analysis. The test generates over 50 health scores that reflect the impact of an individual’s current diet and lifestyle on various physiological systems, including gut, immune, brain, heart, metabolic, oral, and cellular health. By analyzing gene expression patterns and microbial activity, the platform provides personalized insights intended to guide nutrition and supplement strategies.

 

The test output includes a food list of over 400 items categorized into “Avoid,” “Minimize,” “Enjoy,” and “Superfoods,” aimed at promoting beneficial microbial functions, reducing inflammatory processes, and supporting key health areas such as digestion, nutrient absorption, blood sugar control, and oral balance. Additionally, Viome offers supplement recommendations, tailored to each individual, based on a combination of biomarker data, clinical evidence, and life stage. These recommendations may include specific vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes, and food extracts, selected to support areas where health scores are not optimal. While the science behind personalized nutrition continues to evolve, Viome’s approach reflects ongoing efforts to integrate molecular data into individualized wellness planning.

Pricing

Full Body Intelligence™ Test: $399

Full Body Intelligence™ Essential Starter Bundle: $577

Full Body Intelligence™ with Precision Supplements & Probiotics + Prebiotics: $199/month

Gut IntelligenceTM Test

The Viome Gut Intelligence™Test is centered on metatranscriptomic analysis, a type of RNA sequencing that looks at the active functions of microorganisms in your gut, not just their presence. Using a stool sample, the test identifies microbial gene expression patterns and analyzes how your gut microbiome is interacting with your body. This provides insight into what your microbes are doing, such as producing inflammatory compounds, synthesizing vitamins, or breaking down dietary fibers.

The test delivers 20+ gut health scores, including:

 

  • Gut lining health (e.g., signs of potential permeability or “leaky gut”)
  • Microbial diversity (a marker of resilience and ecosystem balance)
  • Inflammatory activity (e.g., microbial pathways associated with endotoxins like LPS)
  • Protein fermentation (linked with ammonia and other toxic byproducts)
  • Gas production pathways (such as methane, hydrogen sulfide)
  • Butyrate production pathways (critical for colon health)
  • Digestive efficiency (fiber degradation, bile salt metabolism, etc.)

These scores help identify whether your gut is functioning optimally or contributing to symptoms like bloating, fatigue, brain fog, acne, irregular bowel movements, or metabolic issues.

 

Based on your gut activity profile, Viome provides a personalized food list of over 400 food items grouped into:

  • Superfoods – enhance beneficial pathways
  • Enjoy – generally supportive of your gut profile
  • Minimize – may contain compounds not ideal for your microbial activity
  • Avoid – may exacerbate inflammatory or unhelpful pathways

For example, you may be advised to avoid spinach due to oxalate-processing issues or include more artichokes to promote butyrate-producing bacteria.

 

In addition, Viome suggests a tailored combination of supplements that may include:

 

  • Prebiotics and Probiotics tailored to your deficiencies
  • Polyphenols for modulating microbial diversity
  • Digestive enzymes for enhancing breakdown of macronutrients
  • Vitamins and minerals based on gut-associated biosynthesis gaps
  • Herbal extracts that support gut integrity and reduce microbial imbalance

These recommendations are designed to help optimize your microbial ecosystem, reduce inflammation, and support better overall health, targeting the root causes of symptoms, not just the symptoms themselves.

 

Pricing

Gut Intelligence™Test: $279

Gut Intelligence™Essential Starter Bundle: $338

Gut Intelligence™Test with Probiotics + Prebiotics: $99/month

 

Oral Health Intelligence™ Test

Viome’s Oral Health Intelligence™ Test provides a detailed assessment of the oral microbiome using metatranscriptomic RNA analysis of a saliva sample, identifying not only which microbes are present but also their active functions. The test generates 16 precision scores that evaluate key oral health domains, such as microbial balance associated with cavities, gum inflammation, pathogen activity, and compounds contributing to bad breath (e.g., volatile sulfides and polyamines).

These insights aim to detect early microbial dysfunction that may manifest as bleeding gums, sensitivity, plaque buildup, bad breath, or dry mouth, enabling proactive oral care.

 

Following the analysis, users receive personalized guidance tailored to their oral biochemistry. This includes:

 

  • A food recommendations list (categorized into Avoid, Minimize, Enjoy, and Superfoods),
  • Targeted oral biotics (pro-, pre-, and postbiotics),
  • Personalized formulations of toothpaste, gel, and lozenges.

Each recommendation is designed to:

  • Reduce inflammation and support gum integrity,
  • Counteract cavity-promoting bacteria,
  • Minimize breath odor
  • Balance pH through microbial modulation

 

The combination of tailored dietary advice, supplemental oral products, and ongoing testing supports maintenance and improvement of oral microbiome health, recognized as influential not only for dental hygiene but also for broader systemic wellness.

 

Pricing

Oral Health Intelligence™ Test: $259

Oral Health Intelligence™ Test Complete Starter Bundle: $329

Oral Health Intelligence™ Plan: $109/month 

How It Works

Viome’s approach begins with at-home sample collection (stool for gut, plus saliva and/or blood for other tests). The samples are sent to a CLIA-certified lab for metatranscriptomic RNA sequencing. The samples are analyzed for active microbial and human gene expression to reveal real-time biological function, not just microbial presence. Their proprietary bioinformatics and AI engine (“Vi”) processes millions of RNA data points to generate personalized health scores for domains like gut, oral, immune, and cellular health.

 

Based on these scores, Viome delivers tailored recommendations: a detailed food list of over 400 items categorized into Avoid, Minimize, Enjoy, and Superfoods. This includes a customized supplement and biotic (pre- and probiotics) plans. These suggestions are designed to target detected molecular imbalances, such as inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, or impaired nutrient absorption, using evidence-based dosages and ingredient selection. Users receive results within 2–3 weeks and are encouraged to retest every 4–6 months to monitor progress and optimize recommendations over time.

Is it Safe to Use Viome? Safety & Privacy

Viome implements multiple layers of physical, technical, and administrative safeguards to protect customer data. Connections to its website and apps are encrypted via SSL, and sensitive data is protected. Health and sample information is stored in secure cloud environments using encryption, de‑identification, pseudonymization, data segmentation, and access controls such as multi‑factor authentication and least‑privilege permissions. Personally identifiable information (PII) is separated from protected health information (PHI), ensuring that sample data is labeled only with assigned codes rather than direct identifiers.

 

Viome’s CLIA‑certified labs also claim to follow strict sample-handling protocols. Only a limited number of qualified personnel are granted access with each bound by confidentiality agreements. They perform periodic risk assessments of ePHI systems to maintain data integrity and monitor for potential vulnerabilities. 

 

Importantly, Viome does not sell personal data, nor does it share identifiable information with employers or insurers. However, they share identifiable data with third parties (like healthcare providers) with explicit user consent. Moreover, Viome uses RNA sequencing rather than DNA, reducing the risks of personal identification via genetic databases. Cookies and tracking tools are subject to clear policies and compliant opt-in controls.

Drawbacks of RNA Sequencing

While metatranscriptomics can yield more functionally relevant insights, it comes with several drawbacks compared to DNA-based methods:

RNA is inherently unstable

  • RNA degrades quickly during sample collection, storage, and processing due to RNases, making it much more fragile than DNA.
  • Impact: Sample handling must be rapid and tightly controlled, or results may be biased or unusable.

Complex sample preparation and bias

  • RNA extraction and library preparation are more technically demanding. Information-poor ribosomal RNA (rRNA) comprises over 90% of total RNA, requiring depletion steps that may introduce bias.
  • Impact: Variability in depletion efficiency can skew the representation of transcripts and underrepresent certain taxa or functions.

3. Low microbial mRNA abundance

  • Microbial mRNA is only a small fraction of total RNA and is often overshadowed by host RNA or non-coding RNAs.
  • Impact: Requires deep sequencing and careful filtering to isolate meaningful microbial signals, making the sequencing more expensive and computationally intensive than that of DNA.

4. Snapshot of transient activity

  • mRNA levels reflect real-time gene expression, which can fluctuate rapidly in response to diet, stress, or other short-term factors.
  • Impact: It may be difficult to distinguish between meaningful, sustained microbial activity and transient responses, leading to challenges in interpretation.

5. Greater susceptibility to host contamination

  • In fecal or intestinal samples, host epithelial or immune cells contribute significantly to the RNA pool.
  • Impact: Contamination can obscure microbial signals unless host RNA is effectively removed, requiring additional processing and controls.

6. Interpretation complexity

  • Gene expression data must be contextualized with microbial taxonomy and genome annotation, which are limited for many non-model gut microbes.
  • Impact: Incomplete reference databases and annotation pipelines may hamper accurate identification of transcripts and their functional roles.

Alternative to Viome: LifeDNA

LifeDNA has emerged as a prominent option for genetic testing owing to a combination of unique offerings and a commitment to personalized wellness. 

 

We offer a basic DNA raw data analysis package to kickstart your journey. Users with raw data from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, etc., can access close to 300 traits across interests such as Nutrition, Wellness, Vitamins and Supplements, Personality, Fitness, Sleep, Methylation Genes, Detoxification Genes, and Skincare. We also offer our own DNA-based Gut Microbiome report and will soon be launching a GLP-1 DNA Report. Read more details here.

 

If you do not already have raw DNA data, such as from 23andMe, LifeDNA provides that too. Start your personalized wellness journey with LifeDNA’s state-of-the-art DNA kits here.

 

Here is why many regard LifeDNA as the best option for genetic testing:

 

  • Holistic Approach to Wellness: Unlike many other platforms that focus strictly on health-related risks or ancestry, LifeDNA adopts a holistic approach. We analyze genetic data to offer personalized optimizations for nutrition (including a customized grocery list!), skin care, vitamins & supplements, wellness, personality & cognition, sleep, and fitness. This range lets users get a complete picture of their wellness needs based on their DNA.
  • Product Recommendations: We go beyond just providing insights. We offer specific product recommendations, skincare ingredients, or supplements tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. It makes our service actionable, allowing users to make immediate changes based on their results.
  • Data Security: At LifeDNA, we place a high emphasis on protecting user data. Our commitment to privacy ensures that users can trust the platform with their sensitive genetic information.
  • User-Friendly Reports: LifeDNA reports are easy to interpret. Our reports are designed to be accessible to the layperson without compromising on the depth and accuracy of the information.
  • Continual Updates: As genetic research evolves, so does LifeDNA’s platform. Users can expect their reports and insights to be updated with the latest scientific findings.
  • Dedicated Research and Development: At LifeDNA, we invest in research to continually refine our algorithms, ensuring that the insights provided are based on cutting-edge science.
  • Educational Resources: LifeDNA also provides ample resources for users to understand their genetic makeup better. This education-first approach demystifies the complex world of genetics, making it approachable and actionable for everyone.
  • Scientific rigor: To create an unmatched commitment to scientific rigor, LifeDNA partners with CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited, and HIPAA-compliant laboratories.

Can genes influence your response to probiotics

Catherine on July 7, 2025

Probiotic-rich foods arranged on a table, representing the link between genetics and probiotic response.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

Have you ever wondered how certain bacteria in food can actually be good for your health? The idea of probiotics isn’t new. It goes back more than a hundred years. In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur showed that fermentation in wine and beer happens because of living microbes, not just chemical reactions. Building on this, scientist Élie Metchnikoff suggested that some bacteria in fermented foods could improve health and even help people live longer. This was the start of the idea behind probiotics.

A big breakthrough came in 1930 when Dr. Minoru Shirota isolated a type of Lactobacillus that could survive in the human gut. He used it to create Yakult, one of the first probiotic drinks sold commercially. This changed probiotics from just a natural curiosity into products made specifically to help people’s health. Since then, science has advanced a lot. With new DNA discoveries and genomic tools, researchers can study exactly how probiotics work in the body. Interestingly, probiotics don’t affect everyone in the same way. Individual biology may influence how well they work. This has led scientists to ask a new question, can our genes determine how our bodies respond to probiotics?

What is Probiotics?

The World Health Organization defines probiotics as “live microorganisms which, when given in the right amount, give a health benefit.” Probiotics are friendly bacteria that can support your health when consumed in the right amounts. They are most commonly found in fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi, or in dietary supplements. These beneficial microbes can help maintain a balanced gut environment, support digestion, and even influence the immune system.

Types of Probiotics

Probiotic bacteria  are classified into different genera and species, each with specific functions in the body. The most widely used and studied probiotics belong to two main genera:

Bifidobacteria: Bifidobacteria are commonly included in foods and dietary supplements. These bacteria help support the immune system, prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the gut, and also aid in breaking down lactose into simple sugars that the body can absorb more easily.

Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus bacteria, such as  Lactobacillus acidophilus,  produce lactase, the enzyme responsible for digesting lactose, and also generate lactic acid. Lactic acid helps control harmful bacterial populations, provides energy for muscles, and improves mineral absorption. Lactobacilli naturally reside in the mouth, small intestine, and vagina.

You might want to read: Can Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Improve Gut Health? 

What are the Health Benefits of Probiotics?

Probiotics can provide a variety of health benefits, which can be grouped by their main effects:

  • Support for Digestive Health: Probiotics help digestion of foods and absorption of certain nutrients and medications, making them more accessible to the body. Some aid in breaking down and recycling bile, which is essential for fat digestion and nutrient absorption, and by interacting with gut-associated immune cells, probiotics help the body distinguish between harmful and harmless microbes.
  • Prevention and Support of Infections: Probiotics may reduce the risk or severity of infections in different body areas, including skin infections, oral cavities, vaginal and urinary tract infections and digestive tract. 
  • Gastrointestinal Disease Support: An imbalanced gut microbiome can contribute to chronic gastrointestinal problems. Probiotics may help prevent or manage conditions such as functional digestive issues like constipation, bloating, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
  • Immune System Modulation:  Probiotics interact with the immune system beyond the gut, helping regulate inflammation and promoting immune tolerance. This can contribute to balanced immune responses, potentially preventing overactive inflammation.
  • Influence on the Brain and Nervous System The gut microbiome communicates with the brain through the gut-brain axis. Probiotics may influence mood and mental well-being and cognitive functions such as attention and mental clarity.

Genomics and Personalized Responses to Probiotics

Research on probiotics highlights how advances in microbial genomics have reshaped our understanding of probiotics. In the past, probiotic research focused mostly on broad health benefits that were assumed to apply to everyone in the same way. Now, it has revealed that individual genetic differences in both the microbes and humans, as well as variations in gut microbiome composition, may affect how people respond to probiotics.

This shift means researchers are beginning to see them as part of a personalized approach to health, where genes may help predict which probiotic species are most effective for a given person. For example, genomics now may uncover how specific genetic pathways interact with microbial functions, influencing outcomes like immune support, digestion, or nutrient absorption. This directly supports the idea that your genes could influence how well probiotics work for you, pointing to a future where probiotic use may be personalized much like nutrition or medicine.

It also shares important insights into why probiotics may work differently for different people. It shows that the ability of probiotic bacteria to survive the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and stick to the intestinal lining depends on specific genes and molecular systems. For example, certain Lactobacillus species adjust their cell membranes, activate stress-response genes, and produce specialized surface proteins or pili to withstand acid, bile, and digestive enzymes. These mechanisms are essential for the bacteria to survive, colonize, and exert their beneficial effects in the gut.

These findings  support the idea that individual responses to probiotics may vary, because just as the bacteria rely on their own genetic systems to function, the host’s own biology such as gut environment, immune factors, and human genetic variations, may influence how well these microbes survive, adhere, and benefit the body. 

How Genetics Influences Probiotic Effects

Research shows that how well probiotics work can depend on both the bacteria’s and the person’s genetics. A study on 42 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum found that certain bacterial genes control how probiotics affect the immune system. These genes are involved in nutrient transport, communication between bacteria, and production of antimicrobial compounds. When these genes were removed, the bacteria could no longer stimulate immune cells to produce important cytokines like IL-10 and IL-12. This shows that specific bacterial genes are key to probiotic activity.

Human genetics also plays a role. In a study where healthy volunteers received Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus GG, or L. casei, researchers examined gene activity in the intestinal lining. They found that responses were more influenced by each person’s genes than by the type of probiotic. For instance, L. acidophilus affected immune and growth-related genes, L. rhamnosus influenced cell growth and wound-healing genes, and L. casei shifted the balance of immune responses. Probiotics can also directly regulate immune cells. A protein from L. rhamnosus GG called p40 reduced intestinal inflammation and protected the gut barrier in mice, while certain Bifidobacterium strains increased regulatory T cells, helping control immune reactions.

Overall, these studies show that both bacterial and human genes determine how probiotics work and what kind of probiotics are needed. This explains why probiotics may help one person more than another and points toward the future of personalized probiotics tailored to an individual’s genetic profile.

Where to Get Probiotics

Probiotics can be obtained from both natural foods and dietary supplements. Including them in your diet may help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria.

  • Fermented Foods:  Many traditional foods naturally contain live beneficial bacteria.
  • Yogurt: One of the most common sources, especially if labeled with “live and active cultures.”
  • Kimchi: A spicy Korean fermented vegetable dish with beneficial microbes.
  • Tempeh: Fermented soybeans that provide probiotics as well as protein.
  • Sauerkraut: Fermented cabbage containing lactic acid producing bacteria.
  • Dietary Supplements: Probiotics are also available in capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid form. Supplements often contain specific strains of bacteria or yeast, sometimes in higher doses than food sources. 
  • Fortified Foods:  Some products, like certain juices, cereals, or snack bars, are fortified with probiotics. While convenient, it’s important to check if the label specifies live cultures and the amount of CFUs, as not all fortified foods provide effective doses. Including a mix of probiotic-rich foods and, if necessary, supplements can help support gut health and overall well-being.

Are There Side Effects of Probiotics?

Probiotics are generally considered safe for most healthy people, but they may cause side effects in some individuals, especially when first introduced. The most common mild effects include:

  • Digestive symptoms: Gas, bloating, or mild stomach discomfort may occur during the first few days of taking probiotics as your gut microbiome adjusts.
  • Changes in bowel movements: Some people experience looser stools or mild constipation initially.
  • Allergic reactions: Rarely, individuals may react to ingredients in probiotic foods or supplements, such as dairy, soy, or other additives.

People with weakened immune systems, severe illnesses, or those who have undergone recent surgery should consult a healthcare provider before using probiotics, as there is a small risk of infections or other complications in these cases. It’s also important to note that not all probiotics are the same. Different species and strains have different effects. 

Precautions When Using Probiotics
While probiotics are generally safe for healthy individuals, some precautions can help ensure their safe and effective use:

  • Consult a healthcare provider: People with weakened immune systems, chronic illnesses, or those undergoing medical treatments or recent surgery, should speak with a doctor before taking probiotics.
  • Check product quality: Not all probiotic supplements are created equal. Look for products that clearly list the strains used and expiration dates. Reputable brands with third-party testing are preferred.
  • Start slowly: Introducing probiotics gradually may help your body adjust and reduce the likelihood of mild digestive discomfort.
  • Be aware of interactions: Probiotics may interact with certain medications, including immunosuppressants or antibiotics. Taking probiotics at different times than antibiotics may help maintain their effectiveness.
  • Monitor for unusual symptoms: Although rare, serious side effects like severe infections or allergic reactions can occur, especially in vulnerable populations. Seek medical attention if unusual or severe symptoms arise.

References



The Role of Serotonin Supplements in Mood and Brain Function

Catherine on July 6, 2025

A bottle of serotonin supplements representing natural mood and mental health support

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

Maybe you’ve been exercising, eating well, and doing “all the right things,” yet your mood, sleep, or energy still feel out of sync. It can be frustrating when a healthy routine doesn’t fully translate into feeling balanced. Many people look for simple ways to feel a little calmer, sleep a little deeper, and think a little clearer. 

Serotonin, often called a “feel-good” chemical,  is a brain messenger that helps steady your mood, guide your sleep-wake rhythm, and keep appetite and focus on track. That’s why serotonin supplements have gained attention, with the promise of helping restore balance and support mental well-being. You’ve probably seen supplements that promise to “boost” it, but do they really help, and are they right for everyone? 

What Is Serotonin and Why Does It Matter?

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. It is a chemical messenger that helps brain cells communicate and sends signals between nerve cells. Think of it as part of the body’s communication network that helps different systems stay in balance. Its influence goes far beyond just the brain, it plays an important role in regulating mood, guiding sleep cycles, controlling appetite, and even supporting healthy digestion. About 90% of the body’s serotonin is actually found in the gut, showing just how connected the brain and body really are.

What Are Serotonin Supplements?

When people hear about serotonin and how it affects mood, sleep, and stress, the first thought is often, “Can I just take a pill to boost my serotonin levels?” This is where serotonin supplements come into the picture. These products are often sold as natural mood boosters or sleep aids, but here’s an important detail, you can’t actually swallow serotonin itself and expect it to reach your brain. The body has a natural barrier that blocks serotonin from entering directly.

Instead, most supplements work by giving your body the raw materials it needs to make serotonin on its own. For example, some contain tryptophan, an amino acid your body uses as a starting point, or 5-HTP, which is one step closer in the process of turning into serotonin. Others include vitamins and minerals that help this process run smoothly. In short, these supplements don’t “add serotonin” to your brain—they support the body’s own ability to produce it.

How Do Serotonin Supplements Work in the Brain?

Supplements can provide the building blocks or cofactors needed for the body to make serotonin. For example, tryptophan and 5-HTP are amino acids that convert into serotonin with the help of enzymes and nutrients such as vitamin B6 and magnesium. By increasing serotonin production, these supplements may support better communication between brain cells, leading to improved mood regulation and cognitive function.

What Are the Benefits of Serotonin Supplements?

Serotonin boosting supplements may offer several potential benefits, including:

  • Mood Support: By increasing the brain’s ability to produce serotonin, these supplements may help reduce feelings of sadness, irritability, or anxiety. They are often used to promote emotional balance and a more positive outlook, especially in people with mild mood concerns.
  • Improved Sleep: Serotonin is needed to produce melatonin, the hormone that controls the sleep–wake cycle. By boosting serotonin levels, supplements may help improve sleep quality, making it easier to fall asleep, stay asleep, and wake up feeling more refreshed.
  • Appetite Regulation: Serotonin helps control, appetite,  hunger and satiety signals in the brain. Supplements that support serotonin may help reduce unhealthy cravings, encourage balanced eating patterns, and support weight management efforts.
  • Stress Relief: Healthy serotonin levels can calm overactive stress pathways in the brain. Supplements may help ease tension, reduce the impact of daily stress, and promote a greater sense of relaxation and well-being.
  • Cognitive Support: Serotonin is linked not only to mood but also to cognitive function. Maintaining healthy serotonin levels may support memory, focus, learning ability, and overall mental clarity.

What Do Studies Say About Serotonin Supplements?

Studies on genetic and early environmental influences on the serotonin system suggest that both genetic and early environmental factors may influence how the serotonin system develops in the brain, which may affect a person’s mental health later in life. Certain genes play a central role here. Serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR helps move serotonin between brain cells. Variations in this gene may change how well serotonin is recycled in the brain. Some people with certain genetic variants  in 5-HTTLPR may experience stronger reactions to stress, which could increase their risk for mood issues. Another important gene is the serotonin 1A receptor gene (HTR1A), which acts like a docking station for serotonin. If its function is altered, serotonin signaling may not work as effectively, influencing mood and emotional balance.

Studies also highlight that genes do not work alone. Early environmental experiences, such as childhood stress or nurturing support, can interact with  genetic variations. For instance, a person with a certain genetic variant of the5-HTTLPR might be more likely to develop anxiety or depression if they grew up in a stressful environment, but supportive surroundings could buffer this risk. This interaction between genes and environment shows that serotonin-related outcomes are shaped by both biology and life experience.

A recent study has indicated that  differences in the serotonin receptor gene 5-HT2A may influence how people respond to psychedelic treatments. Researchers discovered that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are small genetic changes, play a major role in shaping these responses. For example, 5-HT2A gene variants such as Ala230Th and His452Th were shown to either reduce or completely change how the brain reacts to substances like psilocin, LSD, 5-MeO-DMT, and mescaline. These findings help explain why not everyone experiences the same effects from psychedelics. Some individuals may feel stronger effects, while others may notice weaker or altered responses. The study supports the idea that genetics, particularly variations in the serotonin system, are important in determining how clinical treatments linked to serotonin work in different people. This connection is especially relevant to conditions like depression, anxiety, and cluster headaches, where serotonin-targeted therapies are often used.

What Are Natural Ways to Boost Serotonin Without Supplements?

In addition to supplements, lifestyle choices play a major role in supporting serotonin production. Some natural ways to boost serotonin include:

  • Eating Tryptophan-Rich Foods: Serotonin is made from tryptophan, an amino acid found in foods like turkey, eggs, cheese, salmon, bananas, nuts, and seeds. Including these in your diet provides the raw materials your body needs to produce serotonin naturally.
  • Getting Regular Sunlight Exposure: Sunlight helps trigger serotonin release in the brain. Spending time outdoors, especially in the morning, can boost mood, improve energy levels, and support better sleep by aligning your body’s natural rhythms.
  • Exercising Consistently: Physical activity, especially aerobic exercise like walking, cycling, or swimming, increases serotonin release. Exercise also improves blood flow to the brain, enhances mood, and reduces stress, making it a powerful natural serotonin booster.
  • Practicing Mindfulness and Relaxation: Activities such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga can lower stress hormones that interfere with serotonin balance. Regular mindfulness practices promote calmness, reduce anxiety, and support overall mental well-being.
  • Maintaining Healthy Gut Health: Since most serotonin is produced in the gut, eating fiber-rich foods, probiotics, and prebiotics may support a healthy microbiome, which in turn helps regulate serotonin production.

What Precautions Should You Take with Serotonin Supplements?

While serotonin supplements can be helpful for some people, they are not risk-free. To use them safely, it’s important to keep the following precautions in mind:

  • Consult a Doctor: Before starting any serotonin-boosting supplement, it’s best to speak with a healthcare professional, especially if you are already taking medications such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, or mood stabilizers. A doctor can help you avoid dangerous interactions and determine if supplements are appropriate for your situation.
  • Start Small: Dosages for supplements like 5-HTP, tryptophan, or St. John’s Wort can vary widely. Beginning with a lower dose allows your body to adjust gradually and reduces the chance of side effects such as nausea, drowsiness, or headaches.
  • Not for Everyone: Certain groups should avoid serotonin supplements unless specifically guided by a healthcare provider. This includes pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and people with conditions such as bipolar disorder or heart problems, since serotonin-altering substances may worsen symptoms or interact poorly with treatments.
  • Watch for Side Effects: Although often considered safe, serotonin supplements can sometimes cause digestive upset, restlessness, or changes in sleep. In rare cases, taking too much or combining them with certain medications can lead to serotonin syndrome, a serious condition marked by high blood pressure, confusion, rapid heartbeat, and muscle stiffness. Immediate medical care is required if these symptoms occur.

References

Deciding the right dose of fish oil based on your DNA?

Catherine on July 5, 2025

Fish oil capsules symbolizing the role of DNA in determining the right dose for health benefits

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

Fish oil is one of the most popular supplements worldwide. It is often taken for heart health, brain function, and even for reducing inflammation. But did you know that your genes might influence how well your body responds to it? Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, science is showing that the “right dose” of fish oil may actually depend on your DNA.

Understanding this is important because it helps explain why some people see great results while others may not, highlighting the role of genetics in how our bodies use omega-3.

You may want to read: DHA Levels Based on DNA: Omega 3 deficiency

What Is Fish Oil? 

Fish oil is a type of fat that comes from the tissues of oily fish such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, and anchovies. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential nutrients that the body cannot make on its own. This means you must get them from food or supplements.

The two main omega-3s in fish oil are:

  • EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid): Known for supporting heart health and reducing inflammation.
  • DHA (docosahexaenoic acid): Important for brain function, vision, and nervous system development.

Fish oil is most often taken as a dietary supplement in softgel capsules or liquid form. People use it to support heart, brain, eye, and joint health, as well as to help balance inflammation in the body. Unlike some plant sources of omega-3s (like flaxseed or chia), which contain ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) that must be converted into EPA and DHA, fish oil already provides omega-3s in their active form. This makes them easier for the body to use.

Why Do People Take Fish Oil?

Many people take fish oil supplements because they don’t eat enough fatty fish in their diet. 

  • Supporting Heart and Blood Vessel Health: Omega-3s in fish oil, especially EPA and DHA, help keep your heart and blood vessels strong. They can lower triglyceride levels, support healthy blood pressure, and improve circulation. Omega-3s also reduce the risk of plaque buildup in arteries, which may lower the chance of heart attack or stroke. In short, they help maintain overall cardiovascular health.

  • Helping the Brain and Nervous System: DHA, one of the main omega-3s in fish oil, is an important building block of the brain and nervous system. It helps brain cells communicate effectively, which supports memory, focus, and mood. For children, DHA is essential for brain development, while for adults it may help protect against age-related cognitive decline.

  • Reducing Inflammation in the Body: Inflammation is the body’s natural defense, but too much of it can contribute to chronic conditions such as arthritis, heart disease, or autoimmune disorders. EPA in fish oil has strong anti-inflammatory effects. It helps produce compounds that calm the immune response and reduce swelling, which is why many people use fish oil for joint stiffness or inflammatory health issues.

  • Supporting Eye and Joint Health: Fish oil benefits both vision and joint function. DHA is a key structural component of the retina, the light-sensitive part of the eye, and helps maintain clear and healthy vision. Adequate omega-3 intake may lower the risk of eye problems such as macular degeneration and dry eye. For joints, omega-3s help reduce stiffness, tenderness, and pain by lowering inflammation, which can be especially helpful for people with arthritis.

Does Everyone Benefit from the Same Fish Oil Dose?

tudies on fish oil indicate that fish oil has not been linked to serious treatment-related problems, but its long-term use has raised some theoretical concerns. Research suggests that taking up to 3 grams per day of EPA and DHA is considered safe for general use. Interestingly, populations like the Greenland Inuits, who consume around 7 grams per day through their traditional diet of fish and sea mammals, show very low rates of heart disease and inflammation. However, they also appear to have a slightly higher risk of bleeding, which may be linked to their unusually high omega-3 intake combined with low omega-6 intake. For patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who already face higher cardiovascular risk, the overall benefits of fish oil, both anti-inflammatory and heart-protective, likely outweigh potential risks.

One concern is whether fish oil increases bleeding, especially in people taking blood-thinning medications. Studies in Western populations showthat fish oil supplements do not increase bleeding risk, even when combined with aspirin or warfarin. Another concern is whether highly unsaturated omega-3 fats cause lipid peroxidation, a process that could damage blood vessels. Current evidence shows no convincing proof that fish oil worsens this problem; in fact, its overall effect appears to lower cardiovascular risk.

These results suggest  that fish oil is generally safe for long-term use when taken in recommended amounts. Concerns such as bleeding, oxidation, or contamination are either unproven or controlled by proper supplement manufacturing. Choosing a high-quality product is the best way to ensure safety while gaining the anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids.


Understanding How Genetics Can Affect Omega-3 Levels

Studies  suggest that not everyone absorbs or processes omega-3s in the same way, and genetics may play a key role in thisdifference. Certain genes can influence how well your body converts, transports, and uses omega-3 fatty acids like EPA and DHA. For example, some people may naturally have lower levels because their genes make the conversion from plant-based omega-3s (ALA) to EPA and DHA less efficient. Others might process fish oil more effectively, leading to better results for heart, brain, and joint health.

Knowing how your DNA affects omega-3 metabolism can help you choose the right type and dose of supplement. For instance, if your genes limit your ability to convert plant-based omega-3s, you may benefit more from fish oil or algae-based supplements that already contain EPA and DHA. This genetic insight makes supplementation more personal and effective, ensuring your body gets the support it needs.

You may be interested to read: Understanding the Genetics of ALA to EPA Conversion

Is Fish Oil Better Than Other Omega-3 Supplements?

Fish oil is one of the most direct sources of EPA and DHA, the omega-3s most tied to heart and brain health. Algae-based supplements also provide EPA and DHA, usually with more DHA than EPA, making them a strong option for people who don’t eat fish. Plant oils like flaxseed, however, mainly supply ALA, which the body must convert into EPA and DHA — and that conversion is often inefficient.

Is Fish Oil Cure for All?

While fish oil and omega-3s are beneficial for your overall health, they may not be a cure-for-all. In some conditions, eating whole fish may provide benefits, but in general, taking fish oil capsules by mouth has not been shown to be effective for the following specific conditions:

  • Chest pain: Fish oil does not appear to reduce the risk of death or improve heart health in people with angina or chest pain.
  • Eczema: Fish oil does not treat or prevent eczema. However, children who eat fish at least once a week between ages 1 and 2 may have a lower risk of developing it.
  • Cognitive function: Supplements have not been shown to improve memory or thinking skills across different age groups.
  • Irregular heartbeat : Neither eating fatty fish nor taking omega-3 supplements reduces the risk. In fact, fish oil may increase the risk of irregular heartbeat in some individuals.
  • Helicobacter pylori infection: Fish oil does not help fight this infection when compared to standard treatment.
  • Kidney transplant: Fish oil does not improve survival or prevent rejection after transplant.
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS): Fish oil does not improve MS symptoms.
  • High blood pressure during pregnancy: Fish oil does not prevent this condition.
  • Pre-eclampsia: Supplements do not lower the risk of this pregnancy complication.

How Do You Decide the Right Fish Oil Dose for You?

To figure out what’s best for your body, here are a few key steps to consider:

  • Start with the general recommendation (250–500 mg/day EPA + DHA): Research suggests that most adults can maintain good heart and brain health with this range of omega-3s. It’s a safe starting point unless your doctor recommends otherwise.
  • Consider your diet: If you regularly eat fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, or sardines, you may already be getting enough omega-3s through food and may not need as much supplementation.
  • Look into genetic testing: Some people have genetic variations that affect how well their body absorbs or uses omega-3s. Testing can give you insight into whether you might need more support from supplements.
  • Work with a healthcare professional: Your overall health, and especially conditions like high cholesterol, heart disease, or if you’re on blood thinners, can influence the right dosage. A doctor can help personalize your intake for safety and effectiveness.

Should You Rely Only on my DNA to Decide Fish Oil Dosage?

While your DNA provides useful insight into how your body may respond to omega-3s, it’s only one piece of the whole process for you to consider and use as an insight on how to maintain the benefits. Combining genetic insights with your blood work results, diet, and overall health history gives the most reliable approach. This way, you’re not just guessing, but tailoring your fish oil intake to what your body truly needs.

Who Should Be Careful About Fish Oil Intake

Those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or giving fish oil to children should be especially cautious. Pregnant women are advised to avoid fish like swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish due to high mercury levels, and limit other fish intake to about 12 ounces per week. Children, especially young ones, should not consume large amounts of fish oil or contaminated fish because of the potential for mercury exposure and other toxins. 

The LifeDNA Vitamins & Supplements Report provides a comprehensive and personalized look at how your DNA influences your body’s needs for vitamins, minerals, and other key nutrients. This report helps you make smarter choices about diet and supplementation, whether your goal is to support heart health, boost mental clarity, enhance fitness, or maintain overall wellness. With these insights, you can move beyond generic advice and take a more tailored and personal approach to nutrition and lifestyle for long-term health benefits.

References

Fasting and Genetics

Catherine on July 3, 2025

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

What Is Fasting?

Fasting has been practiced for thousands of years across cultures and religions, often for spiritual, cultural, or health reasons. In recent years, it has gained popularity as a modern health trend, known for its benefits such as weight loss, improved blood sugar control, increased energy, and even longevity.  However, fasting doesn’t affect everyone the same way. While some individuals feel more energized and focused, others experience fatigue, irritability, or different end results. 

Understanding how fasting impacts your body can help you tailor your eating and fasting schedule for more effective and sustainable outcomes.

You may want to read: Do Weight Loss DNA Tests Actually Work?

How Does Fasting Work in the Body?

When you eat regularly, your body gets most of its energy from glucose, which comes from the carbohydrates in your meals from food items like  bread, rice, fruits, and sugar. After eating, your body uses this glucose for fuel.

Any extra glucose is stored in your liver and muscles in the form of glycogen. However, when you begin fasting and stop eating for several hours, your body no longer receives that steady stream of glucose from food. In the first 8 to 12 hours of fasting, your body starts using up its stored glycogen to keep your energy levels stable. Once those glycogen stores run low, your body needs to find another way to fuel itself. That’s when it begins breaking down stored fat for energy. 

As your body burns fat, it also produces something called ketones which are natural chemicals made in the liver. Ketones become an important source of energy, especially for your brain, which usually runs on glucose but can also use ketones for energy during fasting. Fasting works by helping your body switch from using sugar to using fat for energy. Along the way, it also balances hormones and promotes natural repair processes. 

You may want to read: The Role of Genetics in Hunger Response Control

What Are the Benefits of Fasting?

Below are some of the most known common advantages of fasting: 

  • Weight Loss: Fasting helps reduce your calorie intake by limiting the time you eat. During a fast, your body uses stored fat for energy instead of relying on food. This may lead to steady and natural weight loss over time.
  • Lower Inflammation: Fasting may help lower inflammation in the body. By giving your digestive system a break, your body can focus on repairing damaged cells and reducing stress on your immune system.
  • Improved Insulin Sensitivity: Fasting can make your body more sensitive to insulin, the hormone that controls blood sugar. Better insulin sensitivity means your body can manage blood sugar more effectively, which lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes.
  • Better Brain Function: Fasting can increase the production of brain-supporting chemicals and helps improve memory, focus, and overall mental clarity. Fasting may also protect the brain from age-related decline.

Studies on Genetics and  Fasting 

One study looked at whether  fasting is practical for people to follow and whether it affects aging and metabolism. In the study, 24 healthy adults followed a diet where they ate very little one day (25% of normal calories) and much more the next (175%), keeping their total calories stable over time. They also tested whether taking antioxidant vitamins C and vitamins E would affect any benefits of the diet.

The results showed that people could stick to the recommended intermittent fasting diet without major problems, and it didn’t cause weight loss or health issues over the short term. However, other beneficial effects were discovered. Fasting  was noticed to slightly increase the activity of a gene called SIRT3, which helps protect cells and is linked to aging. Fasting  also lowered insulin levels, which could mean better blood sugar control. 

Interestingly, when participants took vitamin C and E supplements (which act as antioxidants), some of these positive effects were reduced. This supports the idea that the mild cellular oxidative stress caused by fasting may actually be helpful, by encouraging the body to activate its own protective systems.

Another study explored the effects of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting on physiological traits in 960 genetically Diversity Outbred mice and investigated how these interventions interact with genetics. Researchers assessed 36 traits covering metabolism, cardiovascular function, motor ability, hearing, and activity. The results showed that caloric restriction and fasting had different and sometimes opposite effects on health, with 40% caloric restriction having the largest physiological impact.

However, not all effects were beneficial or proportional to the level of dietary restriction. Importantly, genetic variation played a major role in 31 of 36 traits that were significantly influenced by heritable genetic differences, with heritabilities ranging from 0.04 to 0.65. The researchers mapped 18 significant genetic loci, including two where the effects depended on the diet, particularly influencing cardiac traits. These gene-by-diet interactions demonstrate that the benefits or drawbacks of dietary interventions are not the same for everyone. Overall, the study shows that both diet and genetics  and especially their interaction shape physiological health responses, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches in dietary interventions.

How to Fast More Effectively Based on Your Genes

Fasting becomes far more effective when it’s personalized. By choosing the right method, tracking your body’s response, syncing with your natural rhythms, and fueling wisely, you can align fasting with your genes unlocking better results and long-term health benefits.

  • Choose a Fasting Style That Suits Your Body: Different fasting methods work better for different people and your genes may influence how your body reacts to fasting. Some people do well with shorter daily fasts, like 14:10 or 16:8, where you fast for part of the day and eat during a set window. These are gentle, easy ways to start and are generally well-tolerated. Others may benefit more from less frequent but longer fasts, such as alternate-day fasting or the 5:2 approach, where calorie intake is reduced on certain days of the week. The key is to listen to your body, start slow, and notice how your energy, hunger, and focus respond. Over time, you can adjust your fasting method to better match your body’s natural tendencies, which may be influenced by your unique genetic makeup.
  • Monitor Key Health Markers:  Tracking your body’s response to fasting can offer valuable insights into how your genes are influencing your progress. Use tools like a health journal to log important data, such as blood sugar levels, ketone production, energy, mood, and hunger. This real-time feedback can help you fine-tune your fasting routine and catch early signs of imbalance, especially if you’re predisposed to issues like hormonal imbalances.
  • Align Your Fasting Schedule with Your Body Clock:  Your circadian rhythm or your body’s internal clock, is partially influenced by genetics. Some people are naturally more efficient at digesting food earlier in the day, while others metabolize nutrients better in the evening. Time-restricted eating, such as eating only between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., can support your natural rhythms if you have genetic variants tied to circadian-related metabolism. Eating in sync with your internal clock may improve digestion, sleep quality, and blood sugar regulation.
  • Prioritize Nutrient-Dense Foods During Eating Windows:  No matter how “fasting-friendly” your genes are, what you eat during your eating windows matters just as much as when you eat. A poor-quality diet can blunt the benefits of fasting and even increase inflammation. Focus on nutrient-dense, whole foods like fiber-rich vegetables, healthy fats (e.g., avocado, nuts, olive oil), lean proteins (like fish, chicken, or legumes), and complex carbohydrates in moderation. These choices can support stable energy, reduce cravings, and work in harmony with your body’s genetic blueprint.

References

 

How genes influence the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine

Catherine on July 2, 2025

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

Ever wonder why skipping your morning coffee leaves you with a pounding headache, while some others  seem perfectly fine? In the United States, nearly 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. Its widespread  appeal comes from its ability to increase energy, lift mood, and sharpen focus. But when that daily dose wears off or when you suddenly stop, withdrawal symptoms may hit hard. These symptoms don’t affect everyone the same way. It can vary depending on age, overall health, and even your genetic makeup.

Understanding how your body responds to caffeine and how it reacts when caffeine is taken away is important because it helps you make informed decisions about your well-being , energy levels, and daily habits.

You may want to read: Is Caffeine Sensitivity Genetic? 

What Is Caffeine Withdrawal?

Caffeine withdrawal is a physical and psychological response that may occur when someone who regularly consumes caffeine suddenly stops or significantly reduces their intake. It’s recognized by the World Health Organization and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a real condition. Withdrawal typically begins within 12 to 24 hours after the last dose and can last several days to a week.

What Causes Caffeine Withdrawal?

Caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, which helps you feel more alert and awake. Over time, your body compensates by producing more adenosine receptors. When you abruptly stop consuming caffeine, there’s suddenly more unblocked adenosine activity, leading to symptoms like fatigue and headache.

In regular users, the brain and nervous system become chemically dependent on caffeine to maintain normal function. The sudden absence disrupts neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, which may affect mood, concentration, and energy.

What Are the Symptoms of Caffeine Withdrawal?

Not everyone experiences caffeine withdrawal the same way. Your genes can play a role in how intense or mild these symptoms feel. Here are the most common ones:

  • Headaches: Many people experience a steady or throbbing headache during caffeine withdrawal. For some, it’s a mild annoyance; for others, it can be persistent and affect daily comfort.
  • Feeling tired or drowsy: You may feel unusually sleepy or low on energy throughout the day, especially if your body has grown used to regular caffeine boosts.
  • Irritability or mood changes: Some people become easily annoyed, impatient, or emotionally sensitive. These shifts in mood can make everyday situations feel more difficult than usual.
  • Trouble focusing: It might feel harder to concentrate or stay mentally sharp. Tasks that are usually simple may require more effort and feel mentally draining.
  • Low motivation or feeling down: A drop in motivation or mood is common during withdrawal. You might feel emotionally flat, less driven, or not as engaged in daily activities.
  • Flu-like symptoms: Some people feel achy or mildly unwell, similar to having a light cold. This may include chills, muscle soreness, or general discomfort.
  • Feeling anxious or restless: Even without caffeine, you might feel uneasy, jittery, or unsettled as your body adapts to functioning without its usual stimulant.
  • Nausea or muscle aches: Stomach discomfort or muscle soreness,especially in the neck, shoulders, or back—can occur, though this varies from person to person.

You may want to read: Genetic Response Anhydrous Caffeine: Benefits, Risks, and Safe Usage

Why Do Some People Have No Withdrawal Symptoms at All?

Your genes, daily habits, and how much caffeine you usually drink all affect how your body reacts when you stop. Some people have genetic traits that make them less sensitive to biochemical brain changes caused by caffeine withdrawal, so they don’t feel symptoms as strongly. Others may not drink as much caffeine or only have it once in a while, which lowers their risk of becoming dependent or going through withdrawal.

Genetics on Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms

Twin and genetic studies show that genetics has a major impact on how we consume caffeine, how we respond to it, and how we experience withdrawal. Heritability estimates for caffeine-related traits, like withdrawal symptoms, insomnia, and caffeine tolerance range from 34% to 58%, meaning that a large part of how we react to caffeine is influenced by our genes.

Research studies  have looked specifically at caffeine withdrawal in twins. One found that the likelihood of experiencing withdrawal symptoms,like headaches, fatigue, or mood changes has a genetic component, with a heritability of about 35%. This suggests that some people may be naturally more prone to withdrawal symptoms simply because of their genetic makeup.

Two main types of genes have been studied in relation to caffeine:

  • Metabolism genes like CYP1A2 affect how quickly caffeine is broken down in the body. People with slower versions of this gene may feel the effects of caffeine longer and may also experience withdrawal differently.
  • Receptor genes like ADORA2A influence how caffeine interacts with brain receptors, which can affect alertness, anxiety, and sleep. Variations in these genes can make someone more sensitive to the effects of caffeine and possibly more sensitive to withdrawal as well.

Studies using twins have shown that the tendency to use caffeine isn’t just about habit or environment, it’s partly inherited. One study found that heavy caffeine use (over 625 mg/day, more than six  8fl oz cups) had a heritability of 77%, meaning heavy users may be more genetically driven to consume caffeine and therefore might have stronger withdrawal symptoms when they stop.

An Australian study examined whether knowing your genetic makeup affects caffeine withdrawal symptoms, and if believing you’ve consumed caffeine, changes how you feel during withdrawal. Researchers gave regular coffee drinkers a fake genetic test and told them either that they had a gene linked to stronger caffeine withdrawal or that they did not. After 24 hours without caffeine, participants reported their withdrawal symptoms, after whichall participants drank decaffeinated coffee but were told either that it contained caffeine or that it was decaf.

The study found that participants who believed they drank caffeinated coffee experienced fewer withdrawal symptoms, even though no caffeine was actually consumed. However, the information about having the “withdrawal gene” did not change the severity of symptoms. This suggests that expectations about caffeine intake can influence how withdrawal feels, but simply knowing about a genetic predisposition does not automatically make symptoms worse. This highlights that genetics might not always predict withdrawal experiences alone; psychological factors and beliefs also play an important role. The study suggests that while genetics can play a role in caffeine withdrawal, how much we expect symptoms, and what we believe about caffeine, might be even more important. More research is needed to understand when and how genetic information influences withdrawal and health symptoms.

How Can You Manage Caffeine Withdrawal Based on Your Genetics?

  • Gradually reduce caffeine: If your genes make you more sensitive to caffeine withdrawal, suddenly stopping can trigger stronger symptoms. Slowly cutting back over several days helps your body adjust more gently and reduces the intensity of withdrawal.
  • Stay hydrated: Headaches and tiredness are common symptoms, especially in people whose genetic makeup affects how their body reacts to changes in caffeine. Drinking enough water can help relieve these symptoms and support your body’s natural balance.
  • Prioritize sleep and rest: Some people feel more tired or mentally foggy due to genetic factors that influence how their brain responds to caffeine. Getting enough sleep and taking breaks can help your body recover and maintain energy levels without caffeine.
  • Use alternatives like decaf or herbal teas: If you enjoy the habit or comfort of drinking something warm, switching to non-caffeinated options can help you stay consistent without triggering your body’s dependence, especially helpful for those genetically more sensitive to caffeine changes.
  • Consider talking to a healthcare provider:  If you’ve noticed that caffeine affects you more strongly than others, your genes may be playing a role. A professional may help you understand your genetic profile and recommend the best way to manage or reduce caffeine intake based on your body’s needs.

References

The Role of CAT Gene in Body Detox

Catherine on June 16, 2025

The image shows a stylized DNA strand to symbolize the CAT gene.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

The CAT gene, which encodes the enzyme called catalase, is crucial in the body’s defense against oxidative stress. As part of the antioxidant enzyme system, catalase protects cells from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Its activity is essential for maintaining redox balance, supporting cellular detoxification, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with oxidative damage.

What is Detoxification?

Detoxification in the body refers to the natural, biological process through which the body neutralizes, transforms, and eliminates harmful substances. Harmful substances can be produced internally (like metabolic waste or reactive oxygen species) or introduced from the outside (like pollutants, alcohol, medications, and toxins).

Key Detox Organs

  • Liver: The primary detox organ, processes toxins via enzymatic reactions, converting fat-soluble toxins into water-soluble forms for excretion.
  • Kidneys: Filter blood and excrete waste products through urine.
  • Lungs: Expel volatile compounds and carbon dioxide.
  • Skin: Releases some waste through sweat.
  • Intestines: Eliminate solid waste and metabolized compounds through feces.

Why is Detoxification Important?

  1. Prevents Toxic Build-Up
    Without detoxification, harmful substances can accumulate and damage cells, organs, and DNA, leading to disease.
  2. Reduces Oxidative Stress
    By removing reactive molecules like free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, detoxification helps prevent cellular aging, inflammation, and chronic illness.
  3. Supports Metabolic Health
    Detoxification enzymes help regulate hormones, medications, and nutrient by-products, maintaining metabolic balance.
  4. Protects Against Disease
    Impaired detox pathways are linked to conditions like cancer, liver disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune issues.

 

In essence, detoxification is a constant and critical process that keeps the body functioning efficiently and protects it from internal and environmental harm. While the term “detox” is often misused in marketing, in scientific terms, it refers to a complex and essential physiological function.

CAT Gene

The CAT gene, found on chromosome 11, produces the catalase enzyme. The catalase enzyme is a protein that is made up of four identical parts. Each part contains a heme group, which helps break down hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂), a vital process that protects cells from damage.

 

2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂

 

This prevents hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of normal metabolism, from accumulating to toxic levels. In the absence of sufficient catalase activity, hydrogen peroxide can generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Hydroxyl radicals make for some of the most damaging free radicals in biological systems.

Detoxification and Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between ROS production and the body’s ability to neutralize them. The CAT gene, by coding for catalase, is one of the first lines of defense in this system. Its role is especially critical in detoxifying hydrogen peroxide generated by mitochondrial respiration, peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids, and certain xenobiotic (foreign chemical) metabolism reactions.

Catalase works in concert with other antioxidant enzymes such as:

  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD): Converts superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide
  • Glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Reduces hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides using glutathione

 

Together, these enzymes form a tightly regulated network that detoxifies ROS and protects against oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids.

Tissue Expression and Functional Relevance

Catalase is highly expressed in tissues with elevated oxidative metabolism. This includes the liver, kidneys, lungs, and red blood cells. In the liver, it plays a key role in neutralizing ROS generated during the detoxification of drugs and alcohol. In red blood cells, catalase prevents oxidative damage to hemoglobin and membrane structures.

 

Low catalase activity has been implicated in several conditions involving increased oxidative stress, such as:

  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s)
  • Cancer
  • Aging-related dysfunction

Genetic Variation in the CAT Gene

Polymorphisms in the CAT gene may influence enzyme activity and certain disease susceptibility. One well-studied variant is rs1001179 (C/T in the promoter region), which affects the gene’s expression.

A 2022 paper studied the rs1001179 polymorphism of the CAT gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Specifically, the T allele of rs1001179 was associated with higher CAT expression compared to the CC genotype. This is because the T allele makes the promoter region of the CAT gene more accessible to transcription factors, enhancing gene expression activity. Additionally, CLL cells with the T allele also show lower DNA methylation, which further increases CAT expression. Together, these findings suggest that rs1001179 affects CAT levels through both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.

Another 2024 study confirmed that CLL patients with the TT genotype of rs1001179 have higher CAT expression and also experience a shorter time-to-first-treatment, indicating a more aggressive disease course in CLL.

Clinical and Therapeutic Implications

Understanding the role of the CAT gene in detoxification has implications in:

  • Personalized medicine: Individuals with lower CAT activity may benefit from antioxidant-rich diets or supplements
  • Drug metabolism and toxicity: Impaired catalase activity may influence susceptibility to drug-induced oxidative stress
  • Biomarker development: Catalase levels may serve as a marker for oxidative stress in clinical settings

Additionally, catalase mimetics and gene therapy approaches are being explored for diseases linked to excessive oxidative damage.

Conclusion

The CAT gene plays a vital role in the body’s detoxification system by enabling the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into harmless by-products. Through its regulation of oxidative stress, it helps protect against cellular damage, inflammation, and chronic disease. Genetic differences in catalase expression and activity further shape an individual’s ability to detoxify reactive molecules, making CAT a gene of interest in the fields of preventive health, toxicology, and personalized medicine.

References

Can Age-Related Macular Degeneration be Genetic?

Catherine on June 12, 2025

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

It is estimated that 8 percent of people around the world have signs of age-related macular degeneration. The condition currently affects about 11 million Americans and 170 million people worldwide, and the prevalence is expected to increase over the coming decades as the proportion of older people in the population increases.

Age-related macular degeneration is a chronic eye condition that commonly leads to vision loss in seniors, making it a leading cause of blindness in the aging population. Understanding age-related macular degeneration is important, not only because of its growing impact, but also to help people recognize early warning signs, reduce risk through healthy lifestyle choices, and explore available treatments that can slow its progression and preserve vision for as long as possible.

You may want to read: How to Improve Eye Health Naturally With Vitamin A

What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration or AMD, is an eye disease that slowly damages a part of the eye called the macula. The macula is located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of your eye ball, and it’s responsible for your central vision; the sharp, clear vision you need to read, recognize faces, and see fine details as well as colors. 

 

When the macula becomes damaged, your central vision gets blurry or distorted. You might still have side peripheral vision, but the center of what you see may look blurry, wavy, or even dark. Over time, this can make it hard to do everyday things like reading or doing something more detailed. 

What Are The Two Types of Age-Related Macular Degeneration? 

 

  • Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The more common form of age-related macular degeneration, affecting about 80 to 90 percent of people with AMD. It develops gradually as the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision thins over time. Small yellow deposits called drusen build up under the retina, which may interfere with normal cell function. Vision loss in dry AMD tends to be slow and progressive, often starting with mild blurriness or difficulty seeing details, especially in low light. While dry AMD usually causes less severe vision loss than the wet form, it may still make everyday tasks like reading and recognizing faces challenging. In some cases, dry AMD can progress to the more serious wet form.

 

  • Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Less common but much more serious than dry AMD. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina and macula. These vessels are fragile and prone to leaking blood and fluid, which damages the macula quickly and may cause sudden and severe vision loss. Symptoms often include distorted or wavy vision and dark spots appearing in the center of vision. Because wet AMD may cause rapid deterioration, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Treatments such as injections that block the growth of abnormal blood vessels or laser therapy may help slow the progression and prevent further vision loss.

 

You may want to read: Navigating Vitamin A: Your Genetic Blueprint for Vision and Wellness

What Are The Symptoms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

  • Blurry or distorted central vision: This means that the center part of your vision, where you see the most detail, becomes unclear or warped. For example, straight lines might look bent or wavy, and things you focus on may appear fuzzy or out of focus.
  • Difficulty reading or recognizing faces: As your central vision gets worse, it can become hard to see small letters clearly or to tell who someone is just by looking at their face, even if they are nearby.
  • A dark or empty area in the center of vision: Sometimes a shadow or blank spot appears right in the middle of what you’re looking at. It can look like a gray or black patch that blocks part of your view.
  • Colors appearing less vibrant:  Colors might start to look duller or less bright than they used to be. This happens because the damaged area of your eye affects how well you see colors.

What Causes of Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

The exact cause of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is not fully understood, but researchers agree that it develops due to a mix of genetic predispositions and environmental influences. This means that while some people may inherit gene variants that increase their risk, lifestyle and health factors also play a significant role in whether the disease develops or worsens.

  • Age is the most significant risk factor for AMD. The condition primarily affects people over the age of 50, and the likelihood of developing it increases as you get older. This is because, over time, the cells in the retina can deteriorate naturally, making older adults more vulnerable to damage.
  • Genetics also contribute to AMD risk. If you have family members who have had the disease, your chances of developing it are higher. Scientists have identified specific gene variations linked to AMD, which can affect how the retina ages and responds to damage.
  • Ethnicity influences AMD prevalence as well. Studies show that people of European descent are more likely to develop AMD compared to African Americans, for example. The reasons for this difference are still being researched but may involve genetic and environmental factors.
  • Smoking is one of the most significant modifiable risk factors. Smoking doubles the risk of AMD and accelerates its progression by damaging blood vessels and increasing oxidative stress in the retina.

Genetics on Age-Related Macular Degeneration 

GWAS have helped scientists discover that genetics plays a major role in age-related macular degeneration. These studies look at the genes of thousands of people to find patterns. So far,  research studies  have found over 30 genes that may be involved in increasing a person’s risk of developing AMD.

Two genetic areas have shown the strongest link to AMD. One contains a group of immune system genes called the complement cascade, found on chromosome 1. The other involves the ARMS2 and HTRA1 genes on chromosome 10. The complement system normally protects the body by attacking harmful bacteria and viruses. But in some people, it may overreact and mistakenly damage healthy cells in the retina. This can lead to inflammation and vision loss. This is why many scientists believe that inflammation is one of the main causes of AMD.

Researchers aren’t exactly sure how the ARMS2 and HTRA1 genes work, but they do know these genes are closely tied to both the development of AMD and how quickly it gets worse. It’s important to understand that having these genetic changes doesn’t mean you will definitely get AMD. It simply means your risk is higher. On the other hand, some people may have gene variants that actually protect them and lower their risk of getting the disease.

The Population Architecture Using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study showed that the genetic risk markers for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) vary among different ethnic groups, such as Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, and non-Hispanic White Europeans. For example, major risk  variants in genes like ARMS2 and CFH, which are common risk factors in White Europeans, were not significant in non-European populations. Similarly, a research study in East Asians found different genetic variants related to cholesterol and lipid metabolism that affect AMD risk, and these variants interacted with factors like high HDL cholesterol levels.

These findings highlight that genetic risk for AMD can differ greatly between ethnic groups. However, these differences don’t fully explain why some populations have lower rates of AMD. In some groups, protective genetic variants may play a bigger role. For example, in Timor-Leste, AMD is very rare, and although the risk allele of the HTRA1 gene was at a significantly higher frequency in the Timorese, people there often carry protective gene variants of CFH and other genes, rather than all the typical risk variants seen in other populations.

This shows that protective gene variants might be just as important, or even more important, than risk genes in determining who develops AMD. To better understand these differences, future studies need to look at both genetics and environmental factors across diverse populations. This knowledge will be essential for developing personalized medicine approaches that work for each one of us.

Can You Inherit Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

You can’t directly inherit AMD like some other diseases, but it may run in families due to many of the same inherited genetic variants. If a parent or sibling has it, your risk is higher. About 15 to 20 percent of people with age-related macular degeneration have a close relative who also has it. 

Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Diagnosing age-related macular degeneration typically involves a comprehensive eye exam performed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Since AMD often develops slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms at first, regular eye exams are important especially for adults over the age of 50 or those with a family history of the disease.

Early diagnosis of AMD is important because it allows for timely treatment and lifestyle changes that may slow the disease and protect your vision. If you experience any changes in vision such as blurriness, distortion, or dark spots, schedule an eye exam as soon as possible.

Can you Treat Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

Although there is currently no cure for age-related macular degeneration, there are treatments that can slow its progression, preserve remaining vision, and reduce the impact on daily life, especially if the condition is caught early. Here are some steps to protect your vision:

  • Don’t smoke: Smoking significantly increases your risk of developing age-related macular degeneration and makes it worse if you already have it.
  • Eat a nutrient-rich diet: Leafy greens, fish, and foods high in antioxidants support eye health.
  • Wear sunglasses: Protect your eyes from harmful UV rays by wearing sunglasses outdoors.
  • Exercise regularly: Staying active helps manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and weight, all of which may affect eye health.
  • Get regular eye exams : Regular eye exams are important especially after the age of 50, even if you don’t notice symptoms. Early detection makes a big difference in treatment success.

References




Genetic Tendency to Have Twins

Catherine on June 10, 2025

Image of a twin standing together

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose any conditions. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic services for any conditions mentioned in this or any other article.

Many parents dream of having twins, and many of us wonder whether our genetics plays a role. Is the likelihood of giving birth to twins written in your DNA? 

Over the past 40 years, twin births have increased by more than 30% globally. The more we understand about the hereditary likelihood of having twins, the better we can support families medically, socially, and emotionally.

What Are the Two Types of Twins?

There are two main types of twins, identical, called monozygotic, and fraternal, called dizygotic twins. Identical twins happen when a single egg is fertilized by a single sperm cell and then splits into two embryos during early development. These twins share the same genetic material and are always the same sex.

Fraternal twins, on the other hand, result from two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm cells in the same cycle. They are genetically just like regular siblings and may be the same or different sexes.

How Common Are Twins?

Twins are becoming more common than they used to be. Between 1980 and 2018, the number of twin births in the United States increased by about 72%. By 2018, around 33 sets of twins were born for every 1,000 births.

Naturally, about 1 in every 250 pregnancies results in twins. There are two main ways twins can be conceived: either from one fertilized egg that splits into two (identical twins), or from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm cells (fraternal twins). Identical twins are less common, occurring in only about 3 or 4 out of every 1,000 births. They are always the same sex and share exactly the same DNA, which is why they often look so alike.

Is Having Identical Twins Genetic?

Propensity to have identical twins is not usually influenced by genetics. The splitting of the fertilized egg appears to happen randomly, and research shows that most cases of identical twinning do not run in families. However, there have been rare reports of families with multiple cases of identical twins. Scientists suspect that genes involved in cell adhesion, the way cells stick together, might play a role in these unusual cases, but this has not been confirmed. Overall, anyone can have identical twins, and it’s not something that can be predicted or inherited.

However, a study has shown that taller women may be more likely to have fraternal twins, and this could be linked to a natural hormone in the body called insulin-like growth factor, or IGF. IGF is a protein that helps the body grow and develop. It plays a key role in childhood growth and continues to support cell and tissue repair throughout life.

Researchers looked at a group of women who had naturally conceived twins or triplets. On average, these women were about 3 centimeters taller than women in the general population. The study found that this height difference was not random, it was statistically significant, suggesting a real connection. Taller women often have more IGF, which may cause the ovaries to release more than one egg at a time. This process, known as hyperovulation, is important in the conception of fraternal twins, when two eggs are fertilized in the same cycle. In short, the study supports the idea that a woman’s height and the hormones linked to it could slightly raise the chances of having twins. While height alone doesn’t determine twin pregnancies, it may be one small part of the bigger picture.

Other studies  have also shown that certain genes might be linked to the chance of having fraternal twins, but the results weren’t clear-cut. In 2010, researchers looked at people from different parts of the world and found that a region around geneFAM120B on chromosome 6 might play a role in twinning. However, differences between genetic regions suggested that more than one gene could be involved. Another study in 2016 found that genetic variants in FSHB and SMAD3, both related to hormone function—may also increase the chances of having twins. This supports the idea that twinning is likely influenced by many genes, especially those involved in hormones and ovulation. 

A recent large-scale GWAS study shares insights into the genetic basis of spontaneous dizygotic twinning. Analyzing data from over 700,000 individuals across Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the United States, researchers identified four new genetic loci—GNRH1, FSHR, ZFPM1, and IPO8, which are linked to an increased likelihood of DZ twinning. These are in addition to previously known loci, FSHB and SMAD3, associated with ovarian function and reproductive hormone response. Among the new genes, GNRH1 and FSHR have known roles in female reproduction, while ZFPM1 and IPO8 are newly implicated, with IPO8 functionally validated in zebrafish as essential for female fertility.

The findings show that the tendency to have DZ twins runs in families and varies between populations, with significant genetic correlations found between twinning and traits like body size and hormone levels. Other things like race/ethnicity, height, diet, and how many children a woman has had before, may also affect the chances.

Is Having Fraternal Twins Genetic?

Fraternal twins may run in families. If you have a close female relative, like a sister or mother, who had fraternal twins, you may be more likely to have them too. This is because fraternal twins result from a process called hyperovulation, where the ovaries release more than one egg during the same menstrual cycle.

Hyperovulation is influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Certain genes located on chromosomes 1, 11, and 15 have been linked to an increased chance of hyperovulation. Hyperovulation is the release of two or more eggs from the ovaries during the same menstrual cycle. Normally, a woman releases one egg per cycle, but in hyperovulation, multiple eggs are released, which increases the chance of having fraternal (dizygotic) twins or other multiple births. 

If you inherit these genetic traits, especially from your mother’s side, your body may be more likely to release multiple eggs at once, raising your chances of having twins.

What Other Factors Affect Fraternal Twin Pregnancies?

In addition to genetics, several other factors can raise the likelihood of fraternal twins:

  • Age: Women over 30, especially those in their late 30s, have higher rates of hyperovulation due to natural hormonal changes.
  • Previous twin pregnancy: If you’ve had fraternal twins before, you’re up to five times more likely to have them again.
  • Ancestry: Some populations—especially those of African descent—have higher rates of fraternal twins. In certain African communities, the rate can be as high as 1 in 20 births.
  • Body type and diet: Taller or heavier women are statistically more likely to have fraternal twins, possibly due to increased ovulation-related hormones.
  • Assisted reproductive technology (ART): Procedures like IVF often involve the transfer of multiple embryos, which increases the chances of fraternal (and occasionally identical) twins.

Can Genetic Testing Predict Twin Pregnancies?

Genetic testing cannot predict whether you will have twins. While some genes are associated with a higher chance of fraternal twins, there’s no commercial or medical test that can tell you definitively. However, if you are already pregnant with twins, genetic testing can help identify potential risks and guide medical care during pregnancy.

For example, genetic counselors can assess whether twins are likely to share a placenta, whether they are at risk for twin-related complications, and offer personalized guidance throughout the pregnancy.

References

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