24Genetics: Everything You Need To Know

Aira on March 5, 2024

24Genetics is a European biotechnology company specializing in genetic testing and analysis, providing consumers and healthcare professionals with insights into various aspects of genetics. Their services encompass DNA testing options, including health, ancestry, nutrigenetics, pharmacogenomics, talent and personality, skincare, and sports genetics tests.

24Genetics

Services

DNA Origins Test

The 24Genetics ancestry test explores more than 1,500 regions, positioning it as one of the most comprehensive ancestry DNA tests available globally.  Customers can expect to uncover a variety of insights into their heritage, including:

  • Detailed Geographic Ancestry: Identification of specific world regions that have influenced an individual’s genetics
  • Historical Ancestry: Insights into the historical eras and significant events that have contributed to shaping one’s lineage
  • Ethnic Ancestry: An exploration of the diverse ethnicities and cultures that constitute an individual’s heritage
  • Maternal Haplogroup: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA to trace maternal lineage
  • Paternal Haplogroup: Investigation into the earliest male ancestors, beginning in Africa
  • Neanderthal DNA: Assessment of the proportion of Neanderthal genetics present in one’s DNA

The journey of humanity is marked by numerous migrations, adaptations, and transformations, all of which have left indelible marks on human DNA. The ancestry test by 24Genetics aims to provide a clear and detailed perspective on this complex legacy, allowing individuals to celebrate and understand their roots with an unprecedented depth of insight.

Price: USD 189

DNA Health Kit

The DNA health kit is presented as a healthcare and disease prevention tool, emphasizing the importance of understanding one’s genetic predisposition to potentially avoid numerous conditions. It underscores the role of genetic information as a crucial component in contemporary medicine. The test is described as one of the most comprehensive genetic health reports available. Analyzing a broad array of genetic markers, individuals can gain insights into their susceptibility to various health conditions, informing their health and prevention strategies.

Price: USD 216

Review the LifeDNA Wellness Report Part 1

Nutrigenetics Test

The 24Genetics DNA nutrigenetics test analyzes genetic predispositions related to the effectiveness of various diets, including Mediterranean, low-fat, and low-carbohydrate diets. Additionally, the test explores the relationship between individual genetics and factors beyond health, such as taste perception, emotional eating, the tendency to snack, and the sensation of satiety. 

The nutrigenetic report includes several sections, each designed to offer insights into how an individual’s genetic code influences dietary preferences and health outcomes:

  • Healthier Diet: This section reveals an individual’s genetic predisposition towards certain foods and suggests the types of diets that may be most beneficial for them based on their unique genetic makeup.
  • Vitamins and Minerals: The analysis covers genes affecting the absorption and metabolism of various vitamins and minerals. To effectively meet an individual’s nutritional needs, it also provides recommendations on what foods should be consumed more or less.
  • Metabolism includes information on an individual’s genetic predisposition to cholesterol or triglyceride levels and understanding how their body might respond to prominent metabolic triggers differently from others.
  • Your Senses: It provides insights into genes that influence the perception of specific flavors, a predisposition to a sweet tooth or snacking habits, and the effects of caffeine, among other sensory-related genetic traits.
  • Your Weight and You: This section examines the genes related to diet effectiveness, including those that affect the tendency to gain weight, the difficulty in feeling satiated, and the desire to eat. 

Price: USD 216

Review the LifeDNA Nutrition Report and LifeDNA Vitamins & Supplements Report

Pharmacogenetics Plus DNA Test

Pharmacogenetics focuses on understanding how an individual’s genetic predisposition influences drug response. This field of study utilizes DNA analysis to identify whether a person is likely to experience toxicity or ineffectiveness from certain medications. A pharmacogenetic DNA test can reveal an individual’s genetic predisposition to how specific drugs will affect their body, acknowledging that drugs do not impact everyone in the same way. This variation in drug response is attributed to several factors, with genetic predisposition being a significant one. 

Price: USD 216

DNA Sports Test

The 24Genetics DNA Sport Test is designed to enable individuals to achieve their best performance outcomes and reduce the time required to attain these results. By analyzing genetic markers related to physical potential, the test aims to provide insights that help individuals train more effectively, enhance confidence in their physical abilities, minimize the risk of injuries, and potentially encourage the initiation of sporting activity for those who have not yet engaged in one. This approach to sports and physical training emphasizes the importance of tailored fitness strategies that align with an individual’s genetic predispositions.

Price: USD 216

Review the LifeDNA Fitness report.

Genetic Skincare Test

The Genetic Skincare Test aims to facilitate the provision of anti-aging therapies or customized skincare routines tailored to individual needs.

Historically, the cosmetics and skincare industries have offered “one-size-fits-all” solutions. While these approaches are commercially expedient, they do not account for the scientific understanding that individual differences significantly influence skincare needs. This Genetic skincare test represents a move towards personalized beauty treatments, acknowledging that effective skincare must be as unique as the individual.

The report generated from this test provides actionable insights. These insights can be utilized by both the individual and professionals, such as dermatologists or beauty consultants, to create bespoke skincare treatments that are specifically designed to meet the unique requirements of an individual’s skin.

Price: USD 216

Review the LifeDNA Skincare Report

Personality and Talent Test

This report utilizes findings from esteemed genetic research in the analysis provided by the DNA talent test, interpreting the conclusions drawn. The insights derived from these studies are presented not as determinants of fate but as indicators of predisposition. These genetic predispositions may not fully predict reality, as they are often less influential than other factors, particularly in personality-related aspects.

The content and conclusions of these reports are subject to change over time, reflecting ongoing advancements and discoveries in genetic research. The field is characterized by continuously identifying new mutations and an expanding understanding of previously identified mutations. At 24Genetics, there is a dedicated effort to incorporate the latest, well-established scientific discoveries into their reports, ensuring that the analysis remains at the forefront of genetic research.

Price: USD 216

Review the LifeDNA Personality & Cognition report

Oral Microbiome Report

The oral cavity is recognized as the bodily area most susceptible to exposure to pathogens and various changes. A microbiota test allows one to identify the plethora of bacteria residing within the mouth, analyzing hundreds of bacterial types to identify imbalances that may lead to pathologies. The equilibrium among different bacterial species is crucial, given its direct association with oral diseases and its indirect implications for health conditions affecting other body parts. Individuals can obtain significant health-related information using a microbiome test kit, effectively predicting and preventing various conditions.

Price: USD 216

Check here for bundle discounts on all the above reports.

Privacy Policy

24Genetics ensures confidentiality and consent for DNA analysis performed in certified European Union laboratories. Only authorized personnel can link samples to customer accounts, and personal and genetic data are kept secret. Samples become part of 24Genetics’ biological collections for genetic research, with consent revocable at any time. Genetic data is coded and stored securely, with research findings possibly providing health-related information. Participants have rights regarding this information, including not receiving it. Genetic information, which can impact biological family members, is stored anonymously after a minimum period, with use for research and teaching purposes subject to consent.

Alternative to 24Genetics: Why LifeDNA?

LifeDNA has emerged as a prominent option for analyzing existing DNA data from 23andMe and many other raw data sources in addition to offering our own proprietary sample collection kits. Our reports feature a combination of unique offerings and a commitment to personalized wellness. 

We offer a basic DNA raw data analysis package to kickstart your journey. Users with raw data from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, etc., can access 194+ traits across interest areas such as Nutrition, Wellness, Vitamins and Supplements, Personality, Fitness, Sleep, Methylation, and Skincare.

Further, if you do not have raw DNA data, such as from 23andMe, LifeDNA provides that too. Start your personalized wellness journey with LifeDNA’s state-of-the-art DNA kits here.

Here is why many regard LifeDNA as the best option for making the most of your 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and other raw data:

  • Holistic Approach to Wellness: Unlike many other platforms that focus strictly on health-related risks or ancestry, LifeDNA adopts a holistic approach. We analyze genetic data to offer personalized optimizations for nutrition (including a customized grocery list!), skin care, vitamins & supplements, wellness, personality & cognition, and fitness. This range lets users get a complete picture of their wellness needs based on their DNA.
  • Product Recommendations: We go beyond just providing insights. We offer specific product recommendations, skincare ingredients, or supplements tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. It makes our service actionable, allowing users to make immediate changes based on their results.
  • Data Security: At LifeDNA, we place a high emphasis on protecting user data. Our commitment to privacy ensures that users can trust the platform with their sensitive genetic information.
  • User-Friendly Reports: LifeDNA reports are easy to interpret. Our reports are designed to be accessible to the layperson without compromising on the depth and accuracy of the information.
  • Continual Updates: As genetic research evolves, so does LifeDNA’s platform. Users can expect their reports and insights to be updated with the latest scientific findings.
  • Dedicated Research and Development: At LifeDNA, we invest in research to continually refine our algorithms, ensuring that the insights provided are based on cutting-edge science.
  • Educational Resources: LifeDNA also provides ample resources for users to understand their genetic makeup better. This education-first approach demystifies the complex world of genetics, making it approachable and actionable for everyone.

Scientific rigor: To create an unmatched commitment to scientific rigor, LifeDNA partners with CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited, and HIPAA-compliant laboratories.

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports and suggestions do not diagnose or treat any health conditions or provide any medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results.

Toolbox Genomics: Everything You Need To Know Before Buying

Aira on February 23, 2024

Toolbox Genomics is a company that specializes in providing personalized health insights based on individual genetic information. The organization analyzes genetic markers related to health and wellness areas such as nutrition, fitness, and disease risk.

The company employs a partnership model to support healthcare practitioners and wellness professionals in incorporating DNA and epigenetic testing into their practices. This approach intends to improve the effectiveness of health outcomes for clients.

Toolbox Genomics offers a variety of recommendations, including lifestyle changes and supplement suggestions, which are tailored to the specific genetic profiles of individual clients.

In addition to its primary services, Toolbox Genomics provides epigenetic testing, offering insights in areas related to aging, including eye health, hearing, memory, biological age, and inflammation. The company has also expanded its services to include pharmacogenomics testing, which analyzes how patients metabolize certain medications, thereby adding a dimension to the personalization of healthcare based on genetic information.

Tool-box genomics

How it Works

Toolbox Genomics offers a genetic testing service accessible to individuals and through licensed practitioners for patient care. The process is straightforward and efficient, catering to different needs.

The stages of the testing process are:

  1. Order Placement: Individuals or licensed practitioners can place an order for personal use or patient care respectively. It allows for various applications, from personal health insights to professional healthcare management.
  2. Sample Collection and Submission: A sample collection kit comes with the order. The individual can collect their DNA sample, usually via a saliva swab, and return it for processing.
  3. Analysis and Report Generation: The sample is analyzed and processed to identify specific genetic markers relevant to various health and wellness aspects.
  4. Insight Delivery: The results are compiled into a detailed report following the analysis. 
  5. Application of Insights: The final stage involves the use of the insights from the report. Individuals or healthcare professionals can apply this information to inform health, lifestyle, and medical care decisions.

Services For Licensed Professionals

For Licensed Practitioners & Wellness Professionals

Toolbox Genomics offers a range of panels, each designed to provide insights into specific health areas using genetic testing.

Epigenetics Panel (EPI): This panel focuses on understanding the aging process in four areas: eyes, memory, hearing, and biological age. It also includes an inflammation score calculated by the activity of inflammation-related genes.

Pharmacogenomics Panel: The panel helps understand how genetics may affect medications’ efficacy and side effects. It mainly focuses on those identified as actionable by the FDA.

Respiratory Resilience: This panel identifies genetic predispositions to conditions or nutrient deficiencies that might affect respiratory health and viral susceptibility.

Nutrition Optimization: Focuses on uncovering potential nutrient deficiencies, metabolism of substances like alcohol and caffeine, and identifying food intolerances.

You May Also Like: A Full Walkthrough of the LifeDNA Nutrition Report

Detox Panel: Aims to provide insights into issues like weight loss challenges, fatigue, mood irregularities, skin problems, and detoxification of environmental toxins.

Endurance Performance: Tailored for endurance athletes, this panel looks at muscle fiber types, nutritional needs, recovery capabilities, and injury susceptibility.

Health Enrichment: Suitable for those new to genetic testing, covering a broad range of areas like workout recommendations, nutritional deficiencies, sleep types, exercise injury susceptibility, and metabolism of alcohol and caffeine.

Hormone Panel: Focuses on understanding issues related to weight management, menstrual cycle irregularities, depression, hormone imbalances, and libido.

Weight Management: Designed to assist in maintaining a healthy weight by analyzing how different macronutrients are processed and identifying predispositions to obesity and eating behaviors.

For Licensed Practitioners:

Cardiometabolic Panel: Helps understand obesity, blood sugar dysregulation, insulin resistance, cardiovascular markers, and lipid imbalances.

Cognitive Panel: Supports individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, focus issues, memory loss, or those with a history of head trauma.

Energy/Fatigue Panel: Aims to provide insights into causes of headaches, exhaustion, joint pain, apathy, and cortisol dysregulation.

GI Panel: Focuses on gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, constipation, bloating, abdominal pain, and food intolerances.

Immune Panel: Designed to help understand joint pain, skin irritation, autoimmune disorders, brain fog, and frequent illnesses.

Each panel by Toolbox Genomics is structured to offer insights into different health aspects based on genetic testing.

Services For Individuals

Toolbox Genomics provides DNA and epigenetic testing services, personalized health insights, and recommendations. 

Their range of tests includes various health aspects:

  1. Virus Risk Score: A newly introduced test to evaluate the genetic risk associated with viruses
  2. Skin Health: Focuses on genetic factors influencing skin condition and health.
  3. Digestive Health: Analyzes genetic markers related to gastrointestinal health.
  4. Weight Loss: Offers insights into genetic components that may affect weight management.
  5. Hearing: Tests for genetic factors that could impact auditory health.
  6. Muscle & Joint Inflammation: Identifies genetic predispositions to inflammation in muscles and joints.
  7. Mental Health/Memory: Focuses on genetic influences on mental health and memory.
  8. Biological Age: Evaluates genetic indicators of aging beyond chronological age.
  9. Immunity: Tests for genetic factors that may influence the immune system.
  10. Infection: Identifies genetic predispositions to various infections
  11. Fatigue/Stress/Sleep: Analyzes genetic components related to fatigue, stress, and sleep patterns.
  12. Inflammation: A general test for genetic markers associated with inflammation.
  13. Eye Health: Focuses on genetic aspects that may affect ocular health.

These tests provide insights into specific health areas, allowing individuals to make informed decisions about their health and lifestyle based on their genetic makeup.

Check the complete list of reports here.

Fitness App

Toolbox Genomics offers a fitness app, personalized for individual users, featuring video tutorials. This program aligns with the specific fitness needs and preferences of users.

The service includes the functionality to sync with various smartwatches or wearable fitness trackers. This integration allows for real-time updates on exercise progress and goal tracking.

In addition, Toolbox Genomics provides a feature to compare different tests. It can help users understand various aspects of their health and fitness.

View Sample Report

The app also includes a meal planner. This planner offers recipes and nutrient breakdowns, accessible within the app interface.

You May Also Like: A Walkthrough of the LifeDNA Fitness Report

Pricing

Customers can retest their epigenetic markers every 3, 6, or 12 months to track their progress towards a healthier lifestyle. The initial test is priced at $273, but the company provides significant savings on this cost when opting for a subscription model.

For those looking to retest every 3 months, the service costs $65.00 per month, reducing the per-test price to $195 and offering a 29% savings. Alternatively, a 6-month retest plan is available for $34.00 per month, with each test costing $204, saving customers 25%. For individuals interested in an annual assessment, the cost is further reduced to $18.00 per month, with each test priced at $216, resulting in a 21% savings. This structured approach aims to make epigenetic testing more affordable.

Alternative to Toolbox genomics: Why LifeDNA?

While the ToolBox genomics requires a new DNA sample to be taken, LifeDNA has emerged as a prominent option for analyzing existing DNA data from 23andMe and many other raw data sources and features a combination of unique offerings and a commitment to personalized wellness. 

We offer a basic DNA raw data analysis package to kickstart your journey. Users with raw data from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, etc., can access 194+ traits across interest areas such as Nutrition, Wellness, Vitamins and Supplements, Personality, Fitness, Sleep, Methylation, and Skincare.

Further, if you do not have raw DNA data, such as from 23andMe, LifeDNA provides that too. Start your personalized wellness journey with LifeDNA’s state-of-the-art DNA kits here.

Here is why many regard LifeDNA as the best option for making the most of your 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and other raw data:

  • Holistic Approach to Wellness: Unlike many other platforms that focus strictly on health-related risks or ancestry, LifeDNA adopts a holistic approach. We analyze genetic data to offer personalized optimizations for nutrition (including a customized grocery list!), skin care, vitamins & supplements, wellness, personality & cognition, and fitness. This range lets users get a complete picture of their wellness needs based on their DNA.
  • Product Recommendations: We go beyond just providing insights. We offer specific product recommendations, skincare ingredients, or supplements tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. It makes our service actionable, allowing users to make immediate changes based on their results.
  • Data Security: At LifeDNA, we place a high emphasis on protecting user data. Our commitment to privacy ensures that users can trust the platform with their sensitive genetic information.
  • User-Friendly Reports: LifeDNA reports are easy to interpret. Our reports are designed to be accessible to the layperson without compromising on the depth and accuracy of the information.
  • Continual Updates: As genetic research evolves, so does LifeDNA’s platform. Users can expect their reports and insights to be updated with the latest scientific findings.
  • Dedicated Research and Development: At LifeDNA, we invest in research to continually refine our algorithms, ensuring that the insights provided are based on cutting-edge science.
  • Educational Resources: LifeDNA also provides ample resources for users to understand their genetic makeup better. This education-first approach demystifies the complex world of genetics, making it approachable and actionable for everyone.
  • Scientific rigor: To create an unmatched commitment to scientific rigor, LifeDNA partners with CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited, and HIPAA-compliant laboratories.

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Mapmygenome: Everything You Need To Know Before Buying

Aira on February 23, 2024

Mapmygenome is an Indian company specializing in genetic testing and analysis, aiming to provide insights into individuals’ health, ancestry, and genetic predisposition to various conditions. The company offers a range of services, including health risk assessments, personalized wellness plans, and genetic counseling based on the analysis of genetic data, health history, and lifestyle factors. 

Mapmygenome utilizes technology and operates in NABL-accredited labs to ensure the accuracy and reliability of its test results. By analyzing genetic information, Mapmygenome seeks to inform individuals about their health risks and provide guidance on lifestyle adjustments for improved health outcomes. The company’s services are available across India. It offers customers fast results and personalized recommendations.

Mapmygenome

Services

Genomepatri

Genomepatri™ is a DNA-based health and wellness tool designed to offer individuals insights into their genetic predispositions. It generates over 100 easy-to-understand reports detailing one’s genetic makeup, potential health risks, and reactions to certain medications. The processing and analysis of samples are conducted in a NABL-accredited lab, ensuring the reliability of the results.

The benefits of using Genomepatri™ include a deeper understanding of one’s physiological traits and lifestyle patterns, assistance in tailoring diet and fitness plans, identification of potential risks for lifestyle or chronic diseases for possible early intervention, insights into one’s response to commonly prescribed medicines, and a personalized health action plan based on DNA and family health history.

The panels covered by Genomepatri™ encompass a wide range of conditions and traits, including sleep depth, obesity, caffeine consumption, resilience, muscle performance, dietary patterns, vitamin D levels, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and risks for diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, lung cancer, and hypothyroidism. It also provides information on drug response for medications like clopidogrel, warfarin, simvastatin, and codeine. 

The company advertises a 3-week turnaround time for the results from this test.

Price: USD 96

BeautyMap

Beautymap offers an at-home DNA-based skincare solution to give users a deeper understanding of their unique skin needs. By analyzing DNA, Beautymap aims to enable users to choose skincare products more effectively, offering personalized ingredients and nutritional recommendations to craft the most suitable skincare plan.

The service acknowledges that individual skin requirements vary significantly and advocates for a personalized approach to skincare. It offers insights into specific skin needs, supports the adoption of a preventive and proactive skincare regimen to maintain skin health, and provides information on nutritional and skincare needs based on genetic and lifestyle factors. Personalized recommendations help users find the optimal skincare plan tailored to their genetic makeup and lifestyle.

Beautymap covers over 40 conditions and traits, including anxiety and stress control, sleep duration, collagenase activity related to skin texture and aging, skin elasticity, hydration, acne, cellulite, and various skin conditions and responses to medications like atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and erythromycin. It also assesses skin nutrition and photoactivity, including vitamin needs, antioxidant capacity, biotin, and sun sensitivity.

Price: USD 84.35

MapmyBiome

The at-home Microbiome test, known as Mapmybiome, is designed to evaluate the genetic material of an individual’s gut microbiome, aiming to enhance understanding and management of gut health. This test offers users a detailed examination of the microbial species in their gut and their impact on health, energy, and mood. It provides personalized nutritional, probiotic, and supplement recommendations tailored to improve daily health.

Mapmybiome addresses the importance of maintaining a balanced gut microbiome, emphasizing its significant role in overall body health. 

By ordering this at-home microbiome test, individuals can receive:

  • A comprehensive analysis of their gut microbiome provides insights into gut flora’s diversity and composition
  • Assistance in identifying potential gut health issues, enabling proactive steps towards enhancing overall health and well-being
  • Personalized dietary, probiotic, and lifestyle recommendations based on the analysis of one’s microbiome
  • An easy-to-use, non-invasive testing process that can be conducted in the privacy and comfort of one’s home, requiring a stool sample.

Price: USD 180.76

MyFitGene

MyFitGene™ offers a DNA-based sports and fitness solution to help individuals uncover their full potential. The service provides over 40 easy-to-understand reports that offer guidance on fitness, nutrition, and wellness, enabling users to tailor their training regimens and diet plans to their unique genetic makeup. This non-invasive solution comes with complimentary genetic counseling and personalized recommendations, aiming to enhance the personalization of fitness and health strategies.

The analysis covers six key areas – cardio-respiratory fitness, muscle strength and endurance, body composition, neurological components, clinical parameters, and injury risk and recovery. With the support of genetic counseling, individuals can gain insights into their innate strengths and how to optimize their nutrition, fitness, and wellness approaches. 

Users can also understand their risks related to injuries and their recovery potential, making workouts more efficient by reducing trial-and-error cycles and accelerating progress toward fitness goals. Conditions and traits analyzed range from nutrition-related factors like vitamin B12 levels and lactose intolerance to fitness aspects such as sports performance and response to exercise, as well as wellness concerns including addiction to alcohol, migraines, and anxiety and eating disorders. The sample required for this analysis is saliva.

Price: USD 84.35

Genomepatri Heritage

Genomepatri Heritage offers insights into an individual’s ethnicity composition through SNP mapping, utilizing a database of over twenty thousand records. This test is the first in India to provide detailed ethnicity composition, especially for Indian sub-populations, exploring the cultural, ethnic, and geographical diversity that contributes to one’s genetic heritage.

Noteworthy features of Genomepatri Heritage include:

  • It is the first report to focus on Indian ancestry, offering detailed insights into indigenous ethnicities and native sub-populations.
  • The test utilizes a robust and comprehensive reference database encompassing global regions, ensuring high data precision and privacy.
  • For those opting for Whole Genome Sequencing, it offers the unique feature of designing one’s ancestral family tree, allowing individuals to trace their true roots and ancestral migration patterns.
  • Participants receive a breakdown of the components of their DNA that are shared with global populations.
  • The test provides information on the locations where ancestors lived, helping individuals understand the inheritance of unique traits.
  • Discovering one’s lineage can spark curiosity about various ethnicities, potentially leading to interests such as traveling to ancestral lands.
  • The sample required for Genomepatri Heritage testing is saliva, making it an accessible and non-invasive option for exploring genetic ancestry.

Price: USD 96

Alternative to MapMyGenome: Why LifeDNA?

LifeDNA has emerged as a prominent option for analyzing 23andMe and many other raw DNA data sources, owing to a combination of unique offerings and a commitment to personalized wellness. 

We offer a basic DNA raw data analysis package to kickstart your journey. Users with raw data from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, etc., can access 194+ traits across interests such as Nutrition, Wellness, Vitamins and Supplements, Personality, Fitness, Sleep, Methylation, and Skincare.

Further, if you do not have raw DNA data, such as from 23andMe, LifeDNA provides that too. Start your personalized wellness journey with LifeDNA’s state-of-the-art DNA kits here.

Here is why many regard LifeDNA as the best option for making the most of your 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and other raw data:

  • Holistic Approach to Wellness: Unlike many other platforms that focus strictly on health-related risks or ancestry, LifeDNA adopts a holistic approach. We analyze genetic data to offer personalized optimizations for nutrition (including a customized grocery list!), skin care, vitamins & supplements, wellness, personality & cognition, and fitness. This range lets users get a complete picture of their wellness needs based on their DNA.
  • Product Recommendations: We go beyond just providing insights. We offer specific product recommendations, skincare ingredients, or supplements tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. It makes our service actionable, allowing users to make immediate changes based on their results.
  • Data Security: At LifeDNA, we highly emphasize protecting user data. Our commitment to privacy ensures that users can trust the platform with their sensitive genetic information.
  • User-Friendly Reports: LifeDNA reports are easy to interpret. Our reports are designed to be accessible to the layperson without compromising on the depth and accuracy of the information.
  • Continual Updates: As genetic research evolves, so does LifeDNA’s platform. Users can expect their reports and insights to be updated with the latest scientific findings.
  • Dedicated Research and Development: At LifeDNA, we invest in research to continually refine our algorithms, ensuring that the insights provided are based on cutting-edge science.
  • Educational Resources: LifeDNA also provides ample resources for users to understand their genetic makeup better. This education-first approach demystifies the complex world of genetics, making it approachable and actionable for everyone.
  • Scientific rigor: To create an unmatched commitment to scientific rigor, LifeDNA partners with CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited, and HIPAA-compliant laboratories.

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Understanding Polygenic Risk Scores And Their Benefits

Aira on January 31, 2024

What Are Complex Genetic Conditions/Traits?

Complex genetic conditions or  so called polygenic conditions are influenced by multiple genetic factors, often in combination with environmental factors. Unlike single-gene disorders, where one mutation leads to a disease, complex conditions or traits involve numerous genes, each contributing a small effect.

This complexity makes prediction and treatment more challenging, as the specific genetic contributions can vary widely among individuals. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and many mental health disorders. Understanding these conditions requires considering the intricate interplay of various genetic and environmental influences.

Aspect

Single Gene Conditions

Polygenic Conditions/Traits

Genetic Cause

Caused by mutations in a single gene

Result from variants in multiple genes

Inheritance Pattern

Often follow clear Mendelian patterns (dominant, recessive)

Do not follow simple Mendelian patterns

Predictability

Easier to predict based on family history

Harder to predict due to complex gene-gene, gene-environment interactions, and influence of other factors

Examples

Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hemophilia

Diabetes, Heart Disease, Habitual Snoring, Acne, Appetite, Carbohydrate Metabolism

Several wellness and lifestyle traits in the LifeDNA reports are polygenic in nature and take into account genetic influences from various gene variants to arrive at the summarized genetic risk. It is important to note that genetic risk or predisposition to a condition or a trait is not the same as the overall risk which is influenced by lifestyle and other factors.

Polygenic Risk Scores

Challenges Associated With The Study Of Complex Conditions

The study of the genetics of complex conditions and traits has several challenges:

Genetic Heterogeneity: Several genetic variations can influence a condition, each contributing a small effect. This diversity makes it hard to pinpoint specific genetic factors.

Environmental Interactions: Environmental factors often interact with genetic factors, complicating how we can determine the genetic basis of a condition.

Polygenic Nature: Complex conditions often result from the combined effect of many genes (polygenic effect), as opposed to single-gene disorders, making their study more complicated.

Population Diversity: Genetic studies often lack diversity in their samples, limiting the applicability of findings across different populations.

Technological and Methodological Limitations: Current technologies and methodologies may not always be sufficient to understand the complex genetic architectures of these conditions.

Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS)

What is PRS?

A polygenic risk score (PRS) is a numerical value that quantifies an individual’s genetic predisposition to a specific trait or disease. It is calculated based on the sum of an individual’s genetic variants, each weighted by the effect size (risk) associated with the variant. These genetic variants are usually single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) linked to specific traits or diseases. 

A PRS can provide insights into the likelihood of developing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or what is your ability to metabolize caffeine, alcohol, or carbohydrates. PRS is also widely used in personalized medicine to tailor healthcare strategies.

How is PRS Calculated?

Calculating a polygenic risk score involves several steps. First, GWAS data is used to identify SNPs associated with the trait or disease of interest. Each identified SNP is assigned a weight based on its effect size for the trait. Using the individual’s genotype data for each SNP, we multiply the number of risk alleles (0, 1, or 2) the individual has by the weight of that SNP. Summing these pieces of data for all trait-associated SNPs gives the polygenic risk score. This process requires a large, well-characterized dataset for both the discovery of SNP associations and the application of the score.

How is PRS Applied to the Study of Complex Conditions?

Performing polygenic risk score analyses involves a few key steps: 

  1. Selecting relevant genetic variants based on GWAS findings.
  2. Determining an appropriate weighting system for each variant (often based on the effect size reported in GWAS).
  3. Applying these weights to individual-level genetic data to calculate the score. 

Important considerations include the choice of population for GWAS data, as genetic associations can vary across different ethnic groups, and the inclusion of a sufficient number of variants to capture the polygenic nature of the trait. Researchers must also decide on the method for summing risk across variants, which can impact the score’s predictive power.

How is PRS Interpreted?

Interpreting a polygenic risk score requires understanding its context and limitations. A higher PRS indicates a greater genetic predisposition to the trait or disease but does not guarantee its development. The score should be considered alongside environmental factors, lifestyle, and family history. 

Moreover, the predictive power of PRS varies greatly depending on the trait or disease, with some scores being highly predictive and others less so. It is also crucial to recognize that many PRS are currently more accurate in populations of European descent due to the predominance of these groups in genetic studies, which may limit their applicability to other ethnic groups.

Does PRS Improve Genetic Risk Prediction?

PRS have become an increasingly important tool in genetic research and personalized medicine. Their ability to aggregate the effects of numerous genetic variants, each contributing a small amount to the overall risk of developing a trait or disease, provides valuable insights that single-gene studies can not. 

PRS are invaluable in predicting an individual’s genetic predisposition to various conditions, particularly those with a complex genetic background like heart disease and diabetes. This predictive power enables the early identification of at-risk individuals, paving the way for preventive healthcare strategies. 

Additionally, PRS plays a crucial role in other aspects of personalized medicine. By understanding an individual’s genetic risk, healthcare providers can tailor prevention and treatment strategies more effectively, improving health outcomes. Beyond individual risk assessment, PRS also aids in deciphering the complex genetic interplay underlying disease development, enhancing our understanding of disease mechanisms. This insight is crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches and understanding how different genetic components contribute to diseases. 

Furthermore, PRS facilitates targeted interventions and screenings, enabling healthcare systems to allocate resources more efficiently and potentially reduce healthcare costs. PRS can identify higher-risk population segments in public health research, guiding public health policies and interventions. 

Despite these advantages, it is essential to approach PRSs with an understanding of their limitations, such as their current higher accuracy in populations of European descent due to larger genetic study samples from these groups. As genetic research becomes more inclusive, the applicability and accuracy of PRS might improve across diverse populations.

Recent Examples Of PRSs In Genetic Studies

Cardiovascular Diseases

A 2021 cohort study explored the potential advantage of adding information on polygenic risk scores to conventional risk factors in primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Using data from the UK Biobank, the study found that adding PRS to conventional risk factors modestly enhanced the prediction of first-onset cardiovascular diseases and could translate into population health benefits if used at scale​​.

Breast Cancer

In the field of breast cancer, a research study published in May this year (2023) aimed to develop a polygenic risk score for the risk of recurrence score weighted on proliferation (ROR-P), an established prognostic indicator. The study used SNPs for breast cancer susceptibility and found that higher ROR-P PRS was associated with worse survival. It indicates that the ROR-P PRS could potentially enhance risk stratification for breast cancer screening and prevention​​.

Psychiatric Disorders

A 2018 study analyzed polygenic risk scores in a large pedigree where a significant portion of family members suffered from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. The study highlighted that affected individuals who married into the family contributed to increased polygenic risk, suggesting a pattern of increasing genetic risk over generations. This research provides insights into the familial genetics of psychiatric disorders, demonstrating the importance of both common and rare genetic variations​​.

A recent study highlighted the use of PRS in understanding and managing bipolar disorder (BD), a highly heritable and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. PRS, derived from GWAS, is increasingly used in genetic studies of complex diseases like BD.

PRS offers insights into genetic susceptibility, phenotypic associations, and correlations with other psychiatric conditions. This approach contributes to early prevention and individualized treatment strategies for BD, demonstrating the growing application of PRS in complex mental health conditions.

Diet Quality and Type 2 Diabetes Risk

A 2022 study conducted among 35,759 adults from three cohorts examined the joint associations of genetic risk and diet quality with type 2 diabetes. The study used both global and pathway-specific polygenic scores to characterize genetic risk. It assessed the diet quality using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). They found that both low diet quality and increased genetic risk were independently associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.

The study concluded that a healthy diet is associated with lower diabetes risk across all levels of genetic risk, highlighting the importance of genetic risk assessment in disease prevention​​.

Future Of PRS

Improved Accuracy and Predictive Power: As genetic research advances and more data become available, especially from diverse populations, we can expect the accuracy and predictive power of PRSs to improve. It will enhance their utility in predicting the risk of various diseases.

Personalized Medicine: PRSs will likely play a crucial role in advancing personalized medicine. They can tailor prevention and treatment strategies based on an individual’s genetic risk profile, leading to more effective and efficient healthcare.

Expansion in Healthcare Systems: There will likely be an increased integration of PRS in routine healthcare practices. It includes using PRS for early detection of diseases, risk stratification in clinical settings, and guiding lifestyle and medical interventions.

Ethical and Regulatory Developments: As the use of PRS expands, there will be a growing need for ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to manage issues related to privacy, data security, and the potential for genetic discrimination.

Broader Disease Coverage: Currently, PRSs are more effective for certain diseases. Future developments may expand their applicability to various conditions, including complex diseases with environmental components.

Public Health Applications: PRS could be used in public health initiatives to identify at-risk populations and develop targeted prevention strategies, potentially reducing the incidence and burden of certain diseases.

Technological Advancements: Advancements in bioinformatics and computational methods will enhance the analysis and interpretation of genetic data, further boosting the efficacy of PRS.

Increased Awareness and Education: As PRS becomes more common, there will likely be an increase in public awareness and education about genetic risk and its implications, which is crucial for informed decision-making.

References

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33444330/
  2. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00382-z
  3. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-018-0155-y
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38050614/
  5. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003972
  6. https://www.genome.gov/Health/Genomics-and-Medicine/Polygenic-risk-scores
  7. https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj-2022-073149

* LifeDNA is not associated with the above company. 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports and suggestions do not diagnose or treat any health conditions or provide any medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results.

What is Whole Genome Sequencing, And Do You Need It?

Aira on December 4, 2023

What is Whole Genome Sequencing?

Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is a method for analyzing the entire genetic makeup of an organism. WGS uses advanced technology to read the sequence of the four basic building blocks (nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) and their pairs that make up the DNA double helix.

The process involves determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome at a single time. It includes all the genes—the coding regions (exons) that translate into proteins and the non-coding regions (introns and intergenic sequences) with regulatory and other functions.

The next step after sequencing at a laboratory is employing bioinformatics tools to piece together the sequenced DNA fragments, aligning them to a reference genome and reconstructing the individual’s complete genome.

WGS provides a detailed view of the genetic variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, deletions, and copy number variations) that can influence the organism’s development, physiology, and health.

WGS differs from other sequencing methods like whole-exome sequencing, which focuses only on the exons, and targeted gene panel testing, which looks at a specific subset of genes.

While all these methods have their optimal uses, WGS offers the most comprehensive genetic analysis, making it a powerful tool for research, medical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.

whole genome sequencing

The Fascinating Evolution Of WGS

WGS has evolved rapidly since its inception, transforming our understanding of genetics and revolutionizing numerous fields. Its history begins in the 1970s and 1980s with foundational developments in DNA sequencing technology. Frederick Sanger’s introduction of the Sanger method in 1977 was pivotal, allowing for the sequencing of longer DNA strands and setting the stage for future advancements.

The most significant milestone in the history of WGS was the Human Genome Project (HGP), an ambitious international effort launched in 1990 to sequence the entire human genome.

This monumental project, completed in 2003, took 13 years and approximately $3 billion, marking the first time a complete human genome was sequenced. The HGP used Sanger sequencing and proved that sequencing an entire genome was possible, albeit time-consuming and expensive. The story of this project makes for a fascinating read. 

Following the HGP, the development and refinement of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in the mid-2000s drastically changed the landscape of genome sequencing.

NGS techniques, such as those developed by Illumina and 454 Life Sciences, significantly reduced the time and cost required for sequencing while increasing accuracy and throughput. These advances made WGS more accessible and practical for various applications.

By the early 2010s, the cost of sequencing a human genome had dropped to around $1,000, a fraction of the original cost during the HGP. This dramatic reduction in cost and time, coupled with improvements in computational methods for data analysis, opened new doors in research, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.

Today, WGS is used not only in academic and medical research but also in clinical settings for diagnosing rare genetic disorders, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and guiding treatment decisions in fields such as oncology. It has also become a tool in public health for tracking disease outbreaks and understanding microbial genomes.

How Long Does Whole Genome Sequencing Take?

The timeframe for completing whole genome sequencing (WGS) can vary depending on several factors, including the sequencing technology used, the quality and quantity of the DNA sample, and the depth of coverage required.

With modern NGS technologies, the sequencing process can be completed in a day. NGS platforms have significantly accelerated the sequencing step, allowing for the simultaneous processing of multiple samples.

However, sequencing is just one part of the WGS process. Sample preparation, which includes DNA extraction and library preparation, can take additional time. Following sequencing, the raw data requires extensive bioinformatics analysis to assemble the sequences and identify genetic variants.

This data analysis phase can take several days to weeks, depending on the complexity of the genome and the level of detail required in the analysis.

For clinical applications, where time is often critical, rapid WGS methods have been developed that can provide results in as little as one to two days. These quick approaches are particularly valuable in acute care settings, such as neonatal intensive care units, where timely genetic information can be crucial for diagnosis and treatment decisions.

In a research context, where the focus may be more on comprehensive analysis than on speed, the entire process, from sample collection to final report, can take several weeks or even months.

What Can Whole Genome Sequencing Detect?

WGS can detect genetic variations and abnormalities affecting an individual’s health, traits, and ancestry. The following are crucial types of genetic information that WGS can uncover:

  • Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs): These are the most common type of genetic variation, where a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome is altered
  • Insertions and Deletions (Indels): Small insertions or deletions of a few nucleotides in the DNA sequence
  • Copy Number Variations (CNVs): Variations in the number of copies of a particular gene or region of the genome
  • Structural Variations: Large rearrangements in the genome including inversions, translocations, or large insertions and deletions
  • Chromosomal Abnormalities: Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, such as trisomies or monosomies
  • Mitochondrial DNA Variations: Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA can be relevant for certain inherited diseases
  • Epigenetic Changes: While WGS primarily focuses on the DNA sequence, it can indirectly provide insights into epigenetic modifications by analyzing certain genomic features.

WGS is particularly valuable in identifying rare genetic disorders, characterizing cancers, and understanding complex diseases involving multiple genetic factors. WGS is useful for pharmacogenomics, which studies how genes affect one’s drug response, and for personal genome analysis to understand ancestry and inherited traits.

What is Whole Genome Sequencing Used For?

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is employed in a variety of fields, reflecting its comprehensive nature and ability to provide detailed genetic information:

  • Medical Diagnosis: WGS is instrumental in diagnosing genetic disorders, especially rare or unknown diseases. It can identify mutations that cause or predispose individuals to diseases, allowing for personalized treatment plans.
  • Cancer Research: In oncology, WGS helps identify specific mutations and structural changes in cancer cells, facilitating targeted therapy and understanding drug resistance mechanisms
  • Pharmacogenomics: WGS informs how genetic variations affect individual responses to medications, enabling personalized medicine and reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions
  • Research and Discovery: Scientists use WGS to study genetic diversity, understand evolutionary biology, and discover new genes associated with diseases or traits
  • Public Health and Epidemiology: In infectious disease outbreaks, sequencing the genomes of pathogens like viruses and bacteria can track their spread and evolution
  • Prenatal and Newborn Screening: WGS is increasingly used in prenatal testing and newborn screening to detect genetic disorders early in life

As WGS technology continues to evolve and become more accessible, its applications are likely to expand further, offering even more insights into human health, disease, and history.

How Much Does Whole Genome Sequencing Cost?

The cost of WGS has witnessed a dramatic reduction since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, where sequencing an entire human genome cost about $3 billion. The price can vary widely depending on the context and purpose of the sequencing.

This 2018 systematic review analyzed 36 studies that explored the application of whole exome sequencing (WES) and WGS in clinical settings, primarily for neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. These studies showed significant variation in the cost of testing ($555 to $5,169 for WES and $1,906 to $24,810 for WGS).

The cost can be higher in a research or clinical setting due to the need for more rigorous data analysis, interpretation, and potentially more extensive coverage or deeper sequencing. Institutional projects may include overhead costs like equipment, labor, and infrastructure.

It’s important to note that the cost of sequencing alone is just one part of the equation. The subsequent data analysis, which can be complex and labor-intensive, contributes significantly to the overall cost.

Fortunately, as technology advances and becomes more accessible, prices are expected to decrease, making WGS more available to a broader population.

Recent Research Developments In WGS

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

A 2022 review discusses the role of NGS in predicting resistance for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. The review presents descriptive analysis research describing the potential of WGS to accelerate the delivery of individualized care and the role of targeted sequencing for resistance detection.

It highlights challenges in the widespread introduction of new drugs without standardized drug susceptibility testing, leading to the rapid emergence of drug resistance. It also suggests combining genotypic and phenotypic techniques to monitor treatment response and curb emerging resistance. Read the full article here.

Advancements in NGS Technology

A review published in July this year (2023) provides an overview of the evolution of NGS technologies and their impact on genomics research. The study also delves into the challenges and future directions of NGS technology. It includes efforts to enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of sequencing data. It further showcases the development of more efficient, scalable, and cost-effective solutions. Read the full article here.

Do You Need To Get Your Genome Sequenced?

WGS is optional. Its relevance and utility depend on specific personal, medical, and research contexts. Here’s a breakdown to better understand when WGS is a necessity and when it’s not:

When WGS Might Be Necessary

Diagnosing Complex Genetic Conditions

In cases where patients present with complex, undiagnosed symptoms that suggest a genetic origin, WGS can be essential for identifying rare genetic disorders.

Cancer Treatment and Research

For certain types of cancer, WGS can provide crucial insights into the genetic mutations driving the cancer, which can guide targeted therapy decisions.

Pharmacogenetics

When understanding an individual’s genetic makeup can significantly influence the choice and dosage of medications, WGS can be necessary to prevent adverse drug reactions or ensure efficacy.

Rare Disease Research

In the context of research, particularly for rare diseases, WGS is often necessary to understand the genetic underpinnings of these conditions.

When WGS Is Not Necessarily Required

Routine Medical Care

For standard medical care and check-ups, WGS is not a routine necessity. Most common conditions and diseases are diagnosed and treated without needing WGS.

General Health Information

Less comprehensive or targeted genetic testing might be sufficient for individuals seeking general health information or minor genetic insights (like trait analysis).

Ancestry and Genealogy

Specific ancestry-focused genetic tests, less comprehensive and costly than WGS, are usually adequate for those interested in ancestry and family history.

References

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/whole-genome-sequencing
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36655445/
  3. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/human-genome-project-1990-2003
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6926122/ 
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3841808/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283791/
  7. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230210-the-man-whose-genome-you-can-read-end-to-end
  8. https://www.nature.com/articles/gim2017247
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35401475/ 
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508427/ 

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

Everything You Need To Know About The 23andMe Data Breach

Aira on November 23, 2023

In early October, a significant security incident was reported involving 23andMe. A hacker claimed to be selling account information from the service. This compromised data purportedly included details of approximately one million users of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and an additional 100,000 users of Chinese descent. As the situation developed, by mid-October, it was revealed that around four million more accounts of a general user base were also affected.

The breached data encompasses information such as display names, birth years, sex, and certain aspects of genetic ancestry results. However, it is important to note that the actual genetic data was not part of this breach. 

In this article, we attempt to inform both affected and unaffected users on the best recourse and how you can secure your personal information in the future.

23andme data breach

What Happened And How?

23andMe recently disclosed details about a data breach through a blog post. The company identified “credential stuffing” as the method of attack. This technique involves exploiting previously leaked usernames and passwords from other data breaches, operating under the assumption that many users recycle their passwords across different platforms.

The initial signs of this breach were somewhat obscure. In August, a hacker claimed on a forum to have accessed a staggering 300 terabytes of 23andMe user data. This claim initially didn’t garner much attention. However, by early October, the situation escalated when a sample of the data was posted on a different forum. This sample allegedly contained information on 1 million individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, according to a statement given to The Washington Post by a 23andMe representative.

Subsequently, claims surfaced regarding the breach of data on 100,000 Chinese users. On October 18, the situation worsened when a post on the same forum claimed to have data on an additional 4.1 million users, reportedly including wealthy individuals from the U.S. and Western Europe.

23andMe suggests that the attackers may have exploited the “DNA Relatives” feature. This optional service allows users to connect with potential relatives on the platform by sharing their data. The attackers seemingly used successful login credentials to scrape information from the accounts, including data shared through the DNA Relatives feature.

What Is Credential Stuffing And Why Do Hackers Use It?

Credential stuffing is a type of cyber attack where hackers use stolen account credentials (usernames and passwords) obtained from a data breach at one service and try them on other services. This method exploits the common practice of people using the same password across multiple sites and accounts. 

Here’s a breakdown of why hackers use this method:

  • High Success Rate Due to Common Reuse of Passwords: Many people use the same password for multiple accounts. This habit increases the likelihood that a username and password combination obtained from one breach will work on other sites.
  • Automated and Efficient: Hackers use automated tools to test stolen credentials at scale across many websites and services. These tools can try thousands of username and password combinations on numerous sites in a short time.
  • Access to Valuable Data: Successful credential stuffing can give hackers access to a wealth of personal information, including financial data, personal identifiers, and other sensitive information, which can be used for identity theft, financial fraud, or sold on the dark web.
  • Low Barrier to Entry: The tools and stolen credentials needed for credential stuffing are readily available on the dark web, making it relatively easy for even less-skilled hackers to execute these attacks.
  • Difficult to Detect: Since credential stuffing uses valid login credentials, these attacks can sometimes bypass standard security measures and are harder to detect compared to brute force attacks, where random combinations are tried.

A simple way to protect your data from credential stuffing is to use unique passwords for each of your online accounts. Only sign up for websites of organizations or companies that implement security measures such as multi-factor authentication, monitoring login attempts, and educating users about safe password practices.

How To Protect Your 23andMe Account?

In the wake of the recent data breach at 23andMe, if you are concerned that your data might be included in the stolen dataset, immediate action is essential. 

While it’s impossible to retrieve the compromised data or verify if your details are part of the breach, you can enhance your account’s security to prevent future issues. 

Here’s what you can do:

  • Change Your Password: 23andMe now mandates all users to update their passwords. Ensure your new password is unique and strong. Using a password manager can simplify this process and also help you track if your passwords have been part of any breach. Remember, each site should have a different password.
  • Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Activate 2FA on your 23andMe account. This adds an extra layer of security, requiring not only your username and password but also a code from a 2FA app (like Authy or Google Authenticator) to access your account. Follow the instructions provided by 23andMe to set this up.
  • Review Your Display Name in DNA Relatives: Consider changing your display name to just your initials, or if you don’t actively use the DNA Relatives feature, think about disabling it altogether.

While these measures might not fully shield you from all potential privacy concerns, they significantly enhance your account’s security against known threats and vulnerabilities.

Deleting Your 23andMe Raw Data

Your genetic data is one of your most private information. While having your genetic data has numerous benefits, it comes with some drawbacks, with data security being one of the biggest.

While this recent data breach did not reveal your actual genetic data, if you are concerned about the safety of your 23andme raw data, one of the best things to do is to delete it from your account. But don’t forget to download the information first! Here is how you can do that.

Other Data Breaches

Data breaches are unfortunately not uncommon in the digital age, and companies that handle sensitive personal information, including genetic data, have been targets in the past. Prior to the 2023 23andMe incident, there have been other notable breaches involving genetic testing and personal health information companies.

For instance, in 2018, MyHeritage, a DNA testing and ancestry service company, experienced a breach that affected over 92 million user accounts. The compromised data included email addresses and hashed passwords. Similarly, in 2019, it was reported that Veritas Genetics, a DNA testing company, experienced a data breach where a customer-facing portal was accessed by an unauthorized user.

These incidents, along with the 23andMe breach, underscore the cybersecurity risks that come with storing and managing large amounts of sensitive personal data. They highlight the importance of robust security measures and the ongoing challenge of protecting against sophisticated cyber attacks.

How Does LifeDNA Protect Your DNA Data?

At LifeDNA we have never had a data breach or any loss of customer privacy or information. We are proud of this and constantly update our security measures to match our own high standards.

We have implemented measures designed to secure your personal information from accidental loss and from unauthorized access, use, alteration, and disclosure. All information you provide to us is stored on our secure servers behind firewalls. Any payment transactions will be encrypted using SSL technology.

We encourage all our users and potential users to watch the video below from Jeremiah Grossman, Security Adviser at LifeDNA.

 

References

  1. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-06/breach-at-dna-test-firm-veritas-exposed-customer-information
  2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/06/05/ancestry-service-myheritage-says-92-million-customer-email-addresses-were-exposed/
  3. https://blog.23andme.com/articles/enhanced-customer-security-at-23andme-with-2-step-verification
  4. https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/credential-stuffing/
  5. https://www.cshub.com/attacks/news/23andme-hacker-leaks-data
  6. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/10/06/23andme-hacked-data/
  7. https://www.wired.com/story/23andme-credential-stuffing-data-stolen/

*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

GWAS Explained: Its Significance in Modern Genetic Testing

Aira on October 24, 2023

Many LifeDNA articles frequently reference Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). But what exactly is GWAS, and why is it a recurrent topic in genetic research discussions? Furthermore, why do genetic testing companies, including LifeDNA, often cite these studies? This article delves into these questions, offering a clear perspective on the importance and relevance of GWAS in the field of genetics.

GWAS

What Is GWAS?

GWAS are well-controlled studies designed to find links between specific genetic variations and certain traits or diseases in a population. The ultimate aim is to understand diseases and traits at the genetic level, which could lead to preventing, treating, or managing them more effectively. 

However, finding a genetic link does not immediately explain which gene is involved or how it causes the observed effects on the trait or disease. So, while GWAS can point out exciting connections, more research is needed to fully understand the underlying biology.

You may also like: 31 Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing

Why Is GWAS Important?

Identification of Genetic Variants

Identifying genetic variants is the foundational goal of GWAS. Unraveling these variants allows researchers to pinpoint the precise changes in DNA sequences associated with specific traits or predispositions to diseases.

What are Genetic Variants?

While humans share over 99% of their DNA sequences, alterations in the DNA sequence make one’s genome unique; these genetic variants can be a single nucleotide change or span large genome regions. The most common type of genetic variant is a  single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), where there is an alteration in a single base pair in the DNA sequence.

Early Success of GWAS

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

One of the early successes of GWAS was the identification of several genetic variants linked to AMD, a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. Specifically, a variant in the complement factor H (CFH) gene was associated with a higher risk of developing the disease.

In one of the most comprehensive GWAS for AMD conducted in 2016, researchers analyzed DNA samples from 16,144 patients and 17,832 controls. The research pinpointed 52 distinct AMD-associated SNPs situated at 34 unique genomic locations. The genes are primarily involved in three key biological pathways: the complement cascade within the innate immune system, HDL transport, and the organization and assembly of the extracellular matrix. These pathways play a crucial role in the development and progression of AMD.

Type 2 Diabetes

GWAS and subsequent meta-analyses have helped pinpoint over 56 susceptibility sites for type 2 diabetes. These loci account for approximately 10% of the disease risk. An example is a variant in the TCF7L2 gene, associated with an increased risk of this form of diabetes.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%. In recent years, GWAS on schizophrenia has identified numerous common susceptibility loci. These findings solidify the hypothesis of a significant polygenic influence, suggesting that many minor genetic effects together affect the disease onset. A GWAS published in April last year involving as many as 76,755 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 243,649 control subjects, revealed associations with common genetic variants at 287 distinct locations on the genome.

One notable example is the variant in the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) region, which showed a strong association with this disorder.

Height 

While genetics and environmental factors influence height, GWAS has identified several genetic variants associated with stature. A 2018 GWAS study on around 250,000 European participants identified approximately 700 SNPs linked to height. 

By combining data with another GWAS on height and BMI from about 450,000 participants from the UK Biobank, also of European descent, the total sample size approached around 700,000 individuals. Specifically, researchers discovered 3,290 SNPs associated with height. Of these, 1,185 SNPs were in regions not pinpointed in prior GWAS. For instance, variants in the HMGA2 gene tend to influence height differences in individuals.

The largest GWAS ever on height was published in October 2022. This study, encompassing nearly 5.4 million subjects, uncovered 12,000 genetic variants associated with height, highlighting the very polygenic nature of this trait.

Breast Cancer 

Research through GWAS has effectively pinpointed numerous genetic loci linked to the risk of breast cancer. These discoveries account for up to 18% of the heritability, underscoring that breast cancer is multifaceted with polygenic influences.

One such variant is in the FGFR2 gene. Women who carry this variant have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer than those who do not.

Expansion Into Wellness

Lactose Intolerance

A variant in the LCT gene (rs4988235) is commonly associated with lactose intolerance in adults. Individuals with specific versions of this gene are less able to produce lactase as they grow older, which can lead to lactose intolerance.

You may also like: How Do Genes Influence Your Risk for Lactose Intolerance?

Fatty Acid Desaturase (FADS) Gene Cluster 

Variants in the FADS1 and FADS2 genes are associated with the metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These genetic differences can influence how people metabolize and utilize these essential fatty acids from their diet.

Varicose Veins

A 2019 GWAS, including nearly 10,000 cases and 300,000 controls, identified 30 genetic locations strongly linked with varicose veins. The most notable associations were found in the intron region of CASZ1 (rs1112165), previously implicated in blood pressure, and in the 16q24 region, where the PIEZO1 gene is located.

You may also like: How Do Genes Influence Your Risk for Varicose Veins?

Bitter Taste Perception

An SNP in the TAS2R38 gene, specifically rs713598, influences the ability to taste a specific bitter compound called phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). This genetic variation can affect individual dietary preferences and potential nutrient intake.

Chronotype (Morningness/Eveningness) 

Several genetic variants influence whether you are a morning or evening person. For instance, a variant in the PER2 gene, known to be a part of the circadian clock mechanism, has been linked to evening preference.

You may also like: How Do Genes Influence Your Chronotype?

Sleep Disorders

Variants in the HLA-DQB1 gene are associated with narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and other abnormal REM sleep manifestations. Furthermore, a 2010 association study discovered that the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR was significantly more common in individuals with insomnia compared to the control group (47.1% vs. 39.9%).

You may also like: How Do Genes Influence Your Risk for Insomnia?

Section Summary

Identifying common variations in DNA sequence deepens our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of traits and diseases and has practical implications. Knowing your genetic makeup and potential risk markers can lead to personalized medical approaches, better preventive strategies, and more targeted therapeutic interventions.

Understanding Complex Conditions

As detailed in the previous section, complex conditions, such as AMD, diabetes, and many psychiatric disorders, are polygenic and multifactorial, resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay. They do not follow the straightforward inheritance patterns observed in single-gene (Mendelian) diseases, making them more challenging to study and understand. GWAS has proven instrumental in unraveling the genetic architecture of these complex diseases.

Multigenic Influences

Unlike Mendelian disorders, where one mutation in one gene leads to disease, complex conditions and traits often involve variations in multiple genes each with a small contribution to the overall risk. GWAS can scan the entire genome and pinpoint these numerous genetic variants, even if each has a tiny effect size.

Environmental Interactions

The risk of developing a complex condition depends on how genetic variations interact with environmental factors. For example, a person might have genetic variations associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. However, if they maintain a healthy weight and diet, they may never develop the disease. GWAS can identify these genetic susceptibilities and pinpoint populations benefitting from specific preventive measures.

Gene-Environment-Wide Interaction Studies (GEWIS) 

GEWIS is an advanced approach building on GWAS. GEWIS seeks to identify genes linked to diseases and how these genes interact with specific environmental factors. This holistic view can provide a more comprehensive understanding of traits and disease etiology.

Uncovering Biological Pathways

Identifying genetic variants associated with various conditions can reveal underlying biological pathways. For instance, GWAS findings have shed light on previously unknown pathways in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and macular degeneration. This also paves the way for the development of new therapeutic targets.

Phenotypic Heterogeneity

Many complex diseases exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity, meaning different patients with the same illness might show diverse symptoms. GWAS can help identify genetic variations responsible for these differences. This enables clinicians to predict disease progression and outcome in a better way.

The field of medicine where this aspect of GWAS has produced tremendous results is psychiatric disorder research. Especially in psychiatry, GWAS has shown that mental illnesses and related complex characteristics often arise from the combined effects of many genes rather than just one or a few. This is called polygenicity. 

Endophenotypes 

Sometimes, the direct phenotypic outcome (like the actual condition or trait) might be hard to link to specific genetic variants. However, underlying traits or endophenotypes can be more directly tied to genetic factors. Endophenotypes are traits or characteristics that aren’t observable but can be measured. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels are examples of endophenotypes. GWAS on endophenotypes can help dissect the genetic components leading to the broader disease phenotype.

Prediction of Genetic Risk

GWAS has transformed the landscape of risk prediction in healthcare. By identifying genetic variants associated with diseases, GWAS provides a foundation for understanding the genetic component of risk. This has led to the development of polygenic risk scores to ascertain the intensity of the risk.

Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS)

By aggregating the effects of multiple SNPs, researchers can calculate an individual’s cumulative genetic risk, known as a polygenic risk score. PRS can quantify an individual’s genetic predisposition to various diseases, from heart disease to certain types of cancer.

Influencing Public Health

GWAS has provided an invaluable lens through which the public health community can understand disease patterns, risks, and susceptibilities. The insights from GWAS can have profound implications for public health policies and strategies. Here’s an exploration of how GWAS influences public health:

Targeted Health Interventions 

GWAS uncovers genetic variants associated with diseases by allowing the design of tailored interventions. Populations with a high prevalence of specific genetic markers can be the focus of specialized prevention and treatment strategies and campaigns.

Informing Screening Programs

Knowledge of genetic susceptibilities can help design more efficient population-based screening programs. For instance, if a particular genetic variant linked to breast cancer is prevalent in a certain population, more rigorous and frequent mammography screening might be recommended.

Disease Surveillance and Monitoring

Public health surveillance systems can incorporate GWAS data to monitor trends in genetic susceptibilities over time. This could be essential for tracking emerging health threats or understanding the evolution of chronic diseases.

Educational Campaigns

With the information derived from GWAS, health authorities can devise educational campaigns that address the genetic aspects of diseases, helping the general public understand their risks and the importance of genetic testing.

Policy Formulation 

Governments and health agencies can utilize GWAS insights to form policies related to healthcare funding, research priorities, and healthcare infrastructure development. This can help ensure the allocation of resources where they can have the most significant impact.

Collaborative Research

The vast datasets generated by GWAS can be shared among researchers globally, fostering collaboration. This collective effort can lead to faster discoveries, benefiting public health on a broader scale.

Ethical Considerations and Guidelines 

As GWAS uncovers more about human genetics, it brings ethical considerations concerning genetic information privacy, discrimination, and informed consent to the forefront. This necessitates the development of robust ethical guidelines, ensuring that genetic information is used responsibly in the public health domain.

Precision Medicine

Precision medicine aims to tailor treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup. GWAS plays a crucial role in identifying the genetic variations that might determine how patients respond to treatments. The application of GWAS in personalized medicine is a vast topic, and we will discuss it in a future article.

Heritability (H2) and GWAS

In the context of GWAS, heritability (often denoted as H2) refers to the proportion of the variance in a trait attributed to genetic factors. Here is an example: If a trait (like height) has an H2 of 0.8, then 80% of the population’s height variability can be traced back to genetic differences.

However, GWAS often uncovers a mystery called “missing heritability.” Even after finding many associated genes, the cumulative effect of these genes often does not explain the entire heritability estimated for a trait. There’s a gap between the heritability based on familial patterns and the heritability we can pin down with GWAS. Understanding and solving this mystery is one of the ongoing challenges in the field.

Challenges and the Future of GWAS

While GWAS has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic basis of many conditions and diseases, they’re not without limitations. The sheer volume of data generated requires sophisticated tools and methodologies for analysis. Furthermore, the specific genetic variations identified only signify an association, not causation.

However, as technology evolves and our understanding deepens, GWAS will continue to be at the forefront of genetic research, potentially unveiling mysteries of our DNA that we have yet to imagine.

References

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*Understanding your genetics can offer valuable insights into your well-being, but it is not deterministic. Your traits can be influenced by the complex interplay involving nature, lifestyle, family history, and others.

Our reports have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The contents on our website and our reports are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult with a healthcare professional before making any major lifestyle changes or if you have any other concerns about your results. The testimonials featured may have used more than one LifeDNA or LifeDNA vendors’ product or reports.

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