Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended for diagnostic use. LifeDNA does not provide diagnostic reports on any traits discussed. Genetics is just one piece of the puzzle; please consult a healthcare professional for comprehensive guidance on any health condition.

Have you ever wondered about why so many women struggle with uterine fibroids, even though nearly 80% of women will have them by the time they reach 50? These growths, which are often misunderstood, may lead to problems like heavy periods, pain, and even difficulties getting pregnant. 

Despite how common they are, many women don’t know what causes fibroids or how they can affect their health. Understanding the prevalence, symptoms, and genetic factors associated with fibroids may help in managing and treating this condition effectively.

What Are Fibroids?

Fibroids are non-cancerous benign growths that develop from smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue in the uterus. They can form in different places within the uterus and may vary in size and number, and while they are usually harmless, they can sometimes lead to symptoms and health concerns.

What Are Uterine Fibroids?

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus. 

  • Size: Fibroids can be very small, only a few millimeters (like a pea), or much larger, growing to several centimeters (like a grapefruit).
  • Shape: They can be round or irregular in shape, and their appearance can vary depending on their location and growth pattern.
  • Number: Some women may have just one fibroid, while others may have multiple fibroids in various sizes.

What Are The Types of Uterine Fibroids?

  • Intramural Fibroids:These fibroids are found within the muscular wall of the uterus. They can grow larger and may stretch the uterus, sometimes leading to a noticeable increase in size and bulk.
  • Subserosal Fibroids: These fibroids develop on the outer surface of the uterus. They can extend outward, causing pressure on surrounding organs. Subserosal fibroids are often associated with back pain and pelvic pressure.
  • Submucosal Fibroids: These fibroids grow just underneath the inner lining of the uterus and can protrude into the uterine cavity. Submucosal fibroids can cause heavy menstrual bleeding and may affect fertility by interfering with embryo implantation.
  • Pedunculated Fibroids: This type of fibroid is attached to the uterus by a thin stalk or stem. Pedunculated fibroids can either be subserosal (growing on the outer surface) or submucosal (growing into the uterine cavity). They may move around and can cause unusual sensations or discomfort.

What Causes Uterine Fibroids?

The exact cause of uterine fibroids remains unclear, but several factors may contribute to their development, including:

Hormonal Influences

Estrogen and Progesterone: These two hormones play a significant role in the menstrual cycle and reproductive system. They stimulate the growth of the uterine lining and are believed to promote the growth of fibrous tissues in the uterus. Fibroids often grow during a woman’s reproductive years when hormone levels are at their highest, and they may shrink after menopause when hormone levels decline.

Genetic Factors

Studies suggest that genetics contributes to fibroid development. If a woman has a family history of fibroids, her risk of developing them may be higher. Researchers have identified certain hereditary genetic variants that are more common in women with fibroids, further suggesting that inherited traits might influence their formation.

Environmental Factors

Various external factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and exposure to certain chemicals, might also play a role in the development of fibroids. For instance, a diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables has been associated with an increased risk of fibroids. Additionally, obesity and lack of physical activity may contribute to hormone imbalances that promote fibroid growth.

While these factors may influence the likelihood of developing uterine fibroids, it’s important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee that a woman will develop fibroids. Further research is needed to fully understand how these elements interact and contribute to fibroid formation.

What Are The Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids?

Symptoms of uterine fibroids may vary widely. Common symptoms include:

  • Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: Many women with fibroids experience heavy bleeding during their periods. This can be so severe that it may lead to anemia, a condition where you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen in your body, making you feel tired and weak.
  • Pelvic Pain or Pressure: Fibroids can press against other organs in the pelvis, leading to discomfort or a feeling of pressure. This pain can vary in intensity and may be felt throughout the lower abdomen.
  • Frequent Urination: When fibroids grow near the bladder, they can put pressure on it. This may cause an increased need to urinate often, even if only a small amount of urine is produced.
  • Back Pain: Some women may experience pain in the lower back area due to the pressure that fibroids exert on the surrounding tissues and organs.
  • Difficulty Emptying the Bladder: Fibroids can sometimes block the normal flow of urine, making it hard to completely empty the bladder. This can lead to discomfort and frequent trips to the bathroom.

The Role of Genetics in Uterine Fibroids

Genetics plays a role in uterine fibroids, and can help us understand why some women are more likely to get them. While fibroids don’t have just one clear hereditary cause, factors like age, family history, certain genetic variants and ancestry all increase the risk. Knowing about the genetic links to fibroids can help women make proactive health choices.

Studies show genetics does play a significant role in fibroids. For example, identical twins with fibroids are more likely to have the same condition compared to fraternal twins. Multiple specific gene locations linked to a higher risk of fibroids have also been found. A research study found 14 specific locations on various chromosomes that contain genes potentially linked to a higher risk of developing uterine fibroids. Important gene variants identified include those at TERT, TERC, and OBFC1, which help regulate telomere length (often shortened in fibroid cells), as well as variants in ATM and TP53 genes, coding for proteins thatrepair DNA and maintain cell stability. Other discovered genes included ESR1, GREB1, WT1, MED12, and CD44.


Knowing the main genetic and lifestyle factors may help women take proactive steps for their health. Women with a family history of fibroids might consider regular check-ups or screenings to detect them early. While we can’t change our genetic makeup, being aware of these risks can lead to early intervention and healthier lifestyle choices.

Impact of Uterine Fibroids on Women’s Health 

Uterine fibroids can significantly impact a woman’s quality of life. They can lead to various health complications, including:

  • Anemia: Many women with fibroids experience heavy menstrual bleeding, which can lead to anemia. This condition occurs when your body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to your organs. Symptoms of anemia can include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, making everyday activities more challenging.
  • Infertility: Depending on where the fibroids are located and how big they are, they can interfere with a woman’s ability to conceive. For example, fibroids that grow inside the uterus or block the fallopian tubes can make it more difficult for sperm to reach an egg or for a fertilized egg to implant properly.
  • Pregnancy Complications: For women who become pregnant, fibroids can lead to various complications. They may increase the risk of placental abruption, where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, or cause preterm labor, leading to a baby being born too early. Additionally, fibroids can affect the position of the baby, potentially leading to complications during delivery.

What Are Non-Genetic Risk Factors for Uterine Fibroids?

Several factors can increase a woman’s likelihood of developing uterine fibroids. Understanding these can help in managing and preventing them:

  • Age: Uterine fibroids are most common in women who are of reproductive age, typically between their 30s and 40s. As women get older, especially approaching menopause, the likelihood of developing fibroids increases.
  • Ancestry: African American women are at a higher risk of developing fibroids compared to women of other ethnic backgrounds. They may also experience more severe symptoms and complications related to fibroids.
  • Obesity: Being overweight or obese can contribute to the development of fibroids. Excess body weight may lead to higher levels of estrogen, a hormone that can stimulate fibroid growth.
  • Hormonal Factors: Estrogen and progesterone are hormones that play a significant role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Higher levels of these hormones, especially estrogen, may promote the growth of fibroids. Conditions that lead to hormonal imbalances can increase the risk of fibroids.

By being aware of these risk factors, women can take proactive steps to monitor their health and seek medical advice if necessary.

Diagnosis and Tests for Uterine Fibroids

Diagnosis of uterine fibroids typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examinations, and imaging tests. Common diagnostic methods include:

  • Pelvic Ultrasound: This is a non-invasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create images of the uterus. It helps doctors visualize fibroids and assess their size and location without any discomfort.
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): An MRI provides detailed images of the uterus and any fibroids present. It is especially useful for identifying the size and exact position of fibroids, helping doctors plan appropriate treatment options.
  • Hysterosalpingography (HSG): This is an X-ray procedure that involves injecting a special dye into the uterus and fallopian tubes. It helps examine the shape of the uterus and check for any blockages, which can indicate the presence of fibroids.
  • Hysteroscopy: This procedure allows doctors to directly see the inside of the uterus using a thin, lighted tube called a hysteroscope. It provides a clear view of fibroids and any other abnormalities in the uterine cavity, and it can also allow for certain treatments to be performed at the same time.

Can Uterine Fibroids Be Prevented?

While complete prevention of uterine fibroids may not be possible, certain lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and diet, can potentially reduce the risk. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers can also help monitor uterine health.

Management and Treatment

Managing uterine fibroids can involve a variety of treatment options, depending on the severity of symptoms, the size and location of the fibroids, and individual health considerations. Here are some common approaches:

Medications: Hormonal treatments are often prescribed to help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce heavy bleeding caused by fibroids. These medications can include:

  • Birth Control Pills: They can help control bleeding and make periods more regular.
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists: These medications reduce hormone levels, temporarily shrinking fibroids and easing symptoms.
  • Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage pain and discomfort associated with fibroids.

Minimally Invasive Procedures: These procedures aim to treat fibroids without major surgery. One common method is:

  • Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE): This procedure blocks the blood supply to the fibroids, causing them to shrink. It is often performed through a small incision in the wrist or groin and can provide significant relief from symptoms.

Surgical Options: In more severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective, surgical options may be considered:

  • Myomectomy: This surgical procedure involves removing uterine fibroids while leaving the uterus intact. It’s a good option for women who want to preserve their fertility and may still want to become pregnant in the future.
  • Hysterectomy: This procedure involves completely removing the uterus. It’s often recommended for women with severe symptoms from fibroids when other treatments haven’t worked. While it stops any future pregnancies, it can provide significant relief from the pain and problems caused by fibroids.

Lifestyle Changes: Making healthy lifestyle choices can help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being. Key changes include:

  • Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health and may help reduce symptoms.
  • Regular Exercise: Staying active can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce stress, which may alleviate some symptoms associated with fibroids.

These treatment options provide a range of approaches to manage uterine fibroids effectively, helping women maintain their quality of life. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan based on individual needs and circumstances.

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